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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSR - APP-0533-14 - PART 3 EXHIBIT A DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT NO 1818-09 5.6 Geology and Soils Compacted Artificial Fill(Cafl Prior to the issuance of NOP (April 7, 2011), surficial materials in the central portion of the project site have been removed and/or re-worked and replaced with compacted fill. The excavations, fill placement, testing and reporting was completed under the observation and testing of Geomatrix (geotechnical consultant) and the City of Orange (March 11, 1996). The excavations were done in early 1996 and a report was issued March 11, 1996. (Ginter and Associates is not aware of the inspection schedule by the City concerning this work effort.) Depths range from a few feet to twenty (20) feet + and consist of pebble to cobble clasts in a silty sand to gravelly matrix with some silty clay to clayey silt matrix. Based on the documentation presentation in the Geomatrix reference report, unsuitable soils were removed prior to March 11, 1996. (Please refer to Section 5.8, Hazards and Hazardous Materials, for additional information regarding soils.) The work by Geomatrix consisted of removing contaminated soils, from an environmental standpoint, and replacing the void with compacted engineered artificial fill in the area east of Handy Creek Box Channel, north of Santiago Canyon Road,west of the Diemer Water Line, and south of Santiago Creek. Recent borings in suspect areas east of the Handy Creek Box Channel indicate some pond deposits exist below the compacted fill. Pond Deposits(PD) Pond deposits are those materials washed into pit excavations as a result of the beneficiation process associated with gravel pit operations and stilt depositions left by periodic Santiago Creek overflow. The ponds that are within the proposed development area are designated as the northeast pond and the western pond. The ponds are lithologically similar consisting predominately of fine-grained materials, silts, clays, silty clays to clayey silts, fine sands and silty to clayey sands. These materials are crudely stratified as a result of episodic deposition from the pervious sand and gravel plant facility. The individual strata, commonly 1 foot+thick, each have their individual characteristics. In general, the pond deposits are soft, wet, and relatively poorly consolidated. Localized areas contain organic material and saturated zones based on core observations and logging. Depths of the pond deposits in general average 20 feet + in thickness for the northeast pond and 40 feet+for the western pond. Youn�Alluviam(Qva) This unit is concealed in the mid-portion of the project site and is exposed along reaches of Santiago Creek. This material consists predominately of gravelly sands, sandy gravels, fine and coarse sand and some silt. Thicknesses average 40'f below the pond deposits in the western pond area. This unit is suitable bearing material for the proposed development. Older Alluviam(Qoa-1) The older alluvium occurs along the northern and southern flanks of Santiago Creek as a slightly elevated alluvial terrace deposit consisting of similar lithologic and soil engineering characteristics as the young alluvium(Qya). Page 5.6-6 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.6 Geology and Soils The thickness of this unit along Santiago Canyon Road is on the order of 70 feet+ and its thickness near Mabury Avenue is estimated to be thirty to 40f feet. This unit, where exposed beneath the pond deposits, is suitable bearing material for the compacted fills associated with the proposed development. Older Alluviam(Qoa-21 This unit is exposed within the project site along the extreme eastern perimeter as Qoa2, the second (and older) alluvial terrace along Santiago Creek. Its elevation is approximately 40 to SOf feet above the lower terrace(Qoal). The lithology and engineering characteristics are similar to Qoal and Qya and are suitable bearing material for the proposed development. The exposed and weathered portions of the Older Alluvium are of variable and mediocre bearing character. Bedrock Units Underlying the surficial deposits and exposed along portions of the Santiago Creek channel and minor excavations, is the predominant bedrock unit designated as the Lower Miocene age undifferentiated Vaqueros/Sespe Formation. Another bedrock unit designated as the El Modeno Volcanics of Middle Miocene age was encountered in some of the borings and the fault trench south of Santiago Canyon Road. The detailed descriptions, from youngest to oldest, are as follows: El Modeno Volcanics(Tem� The El Modeno Volcanics occur as intrusions into the older undifferentiated Vaqueros/Sespe Formation as dikes and irregular bodies. An intrusive dike was exposed in the fault trench south of Santiago Canyon Road, and some borings in the western pond area encountered these volcanics. The dikes are composed of porphyritic augite andesite and there is evidence of andesite flows and breccia from drilling fragments of the borings. These volcanic rocks are hard, crystalline and dark green to black in color. Vaqueros/Sespe Formation Undifferentiated(Tvs� This bedrock unit is predominate within and surrounding the project site. It is exposed along the floor and banks of portions of Santiago Creek. It consists predominately of very well cemented and massive coarse sandstones and pebbly sandstones with minor reddish dark brown siltstone to claystone interbeds. The sandstones and pebbly sandstones are very hard and resistant to erosion whereas the claystone interbeds are slightly mare susceptible to erosion. Beds are commonly 3 to 4 feet in thickness. However, some massive beds were observed up to 10 feet or more in thickness as well as some thin beds of just a few inches. 5.6.3 Regulatory Setting There are a number of existing codes and policies, implemented through the environmental review and the permit processes that address the significant effects of potential geologic hazards related to geology and soils. The codes and policies relating to geology and soils and the associated geologic hazards include the following: City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.6-7 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.6 Geology and Soils • The City of Orange Manual of Grading and Standard Plans and Specifications, which governs the grading for the proposed development; • The City's General Plan applicable goals and polices regarding actions to minimize loss from seismic and non-seismic events(Section 5.10,Land Use); • The Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) 402 mandates that certain types of construction activity comply with the requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency's National Pollution Discharge Elimination System(NPDES) storm water program; • The California Building Code (UBC), which is certified in the CCR, Title 24, Part 2, and is a portion of the California Building Standards Code (Title 24 is assigned to the California Building Standards Commission,which by law is responsible for coordinating all building standards); • The Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone Act of 1972, which requires that special geologic studies be conducted to locate and assess any active fault traces in and around known active fault areas before development of structures for human occupancy (the project site is not within any of the required special studies zones); and, • The Seismic Hazards Mapping Act (SHMA) of 1990, which addresses non-surface fault rupture earthquake hazards, including liquefaction and seismically induced landslides. 5.6.4 Significance Thresholds The following thresholds of significance have been established for the evaluation of the proposed project's potential recreational impacts consistent with Appendix G of the State CEQA Guidelines, City adopted Building Code, and the thresholds set forth by the City: Threshold GEO-A Would the proposed project expose people or structures to potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury or death involving: i) rupture of a known earthquake fault, as delineated on the most recent Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map issued by the State Geologist for the area or based on other substantial evidence of a known fault (Refer to Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 42); ii) strong seismic ground shaking? iii) seismic- related ground failure, including liquefaction; and/or iv) landslides? Threshold GEO-B Would the proposed project result in substantial soil erosion or the loss of topsoil? Threshold GEO-C Would the proposed project be located on a geologic unit or soil that is unstable, or that would become unstable as a result of the proposed project, and potentially result in on- or off-site landslide, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse? Page 5.6-8 Ciry of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.6 Geology and Soils Threshold GEO-D Would the proposed project be located on expansive soil, as defined in Table 18- 1-B of the Uniform Building Code (1994), creating substantial risks to life or property? Threshold GEO-E Would the proposed project have soils incapable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems where sewers are not available for the disposal of wastewater? 5.6.5 Evaluation of Potential Project Impacts This section will evaluate whether the proposed project would potentially have a substantial adverse effect on geology. This evaluation assumes that the project will be implemented consistent with the Project Description, including all Project Design Features(PDF's). Project Design Features All Project Design Features (PDF's) associated with geology are noted below in Table 5.6-1, Project Design Features & Geology Impact Comparison. The table identifies the PDF's related to each CEQA threshold. The checkmark indicates that the PDF reduces, eliminates, and/or avoids impacts associated with the related threshold. Refer to the threshold analysis for specific details. The remainder of this page left intentionally blank. 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C� • cC � � U � N � �-. ^� O O� b � M � '" N +-' �--� ,_, ' v� � s-, s"' �r Q" y N C1., � ^ a ,--� �CC y �--� � Y,f,„, N N Q. � � ,..� V '� �� O � � � c�C � � 3 C!] � c�C � U 0 Q" � cC s. � Q � �. � �, � � bA � 0 O. O v� p., � m � � � � J, O � cC � � � O a� � � � a�i � ° � � ° � a�i •� � � � � � ° 'a4 o y � ci i > a' °A � �, � �' � '� � � � v� °�,' � .� o p. �° '� � � o c a� o � a � '� a� o y �, °' a. W � �. ° a� � w � ° o � o � y a E�-� 3 C7 E'�-� v°' � � �� �o � �'o �c r ap c � � a�� � O O x � �'o°, � W W Y `�°.� C7 C7 � �c �T" f3r fJ. � o i j p" a 0.Ai v°� w o U� 5.6 Geology and Soils Earthquake/Ground Shaking/Liquefaction/Landslides Threshold GEO-A Would the proposed project expose people or structures to potential substantial adverse effects, including the risk of loss, injury or death involving: i) Rupture of a known earthquake fault, as delineated on the most recent Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Map issued by the State Geologist for the area or based on other substantial evidence of a known fault? Refer to Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 42. ii) Strong seismic ground shaking? iii) Seismic-related ground failure, including liquefaction? iv) Landslides? [CEQA Geology Threshold 6(a i-iv)] PDF GEO-7 requires the proposed project to remove and remediate pond deposits and replace them with approved compacted fill. This is presently being accomplished by the backfill operation. PDF GEO-8 requires remedial grading in areas of near surface alluvial deposits. The project site is similar to most of Southern California with respect to hazards associated with earthquakes. A detailed seismic hazard evaluation is present in Appendix G, Geological Investigation. This report reviewed the hazards associated with earthquakes that include primary hazards (i.e., ground shaking, surface rupture) and secondary hazards (i.e., liquefaction, seismic settlement, tsunamis, seiches) and the effect of these on the project site. The major cause of damage from earthquakes is the shaking from earthquake waves and the much less frequent damage due to actual displacement or fault movement beneath a structure. Shaking would occur not only immediately adjacent to the earthquake epicenter, but within areas for many miles in all directions. The project site conditions and location could potentially expose people and/ar structures to adverse geologic and soils effects. Therefore,the following impact would have the potential to occur and mitigation is proposed: Impact GEO-1: The proposed project has the potential to expose people or structures to adverse geologic soils and effects. MM GEO-1: Prior to the approval of the first grading plans or issuance of the first grading or building permit, the project applicant shall incorporate into the grading and project design the mitigation provided on Table 5.6-2, Geotechnical Mitigation, consistent with Appendix G, Geological Investigation for review and accepted as adequate by the Community Development and Public Works Departments. The removal of the unsuitable materials and replacement with engineered compacted fill for the proposed structures and structural design based on the seismic parameters mitigation in Table 5.6-2, Geotechnical Mitigation,will eliminate the primary and secondary hazards. This is presently being accomplished by the backfill operation. Mitigation Measure GEO-1 requires compliance with the recommendations of the Preliminary Geologic and Geotechnical Engineering Investigation and Tentative Grading Plan Review Study. Page 5.6-12 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.6 Geology and Soils Table 5.6-2: Geotechnical Mitigation Geotechnical Topic Geotechnical Mitigation Due to the removals required for the pond deposits, the logistics of the excavation will require a thorough review from a geotechnical engineer in order to select the appropriate grading equipment and excavation mode. In accordance with standard grading within two to three percent of optimum Removal of Unsuitable Fill moisture required to attain 90% relative compaction, consideration shall be Materials given to providing a stockpiling area(i.e.,central portions of site, east of the Handy Creek Box Channel)capable of drying and mixing the removed pond deposit materials, as well as, maintaining an appropriately sized fill area. Import material consisting of rock and/or concrete blocks should be considered in order to stabilize localized removal bottom areas. The Recent Alluvial materials(Qal)within the influence limits of structures Recent Alluvial Materials shall be removed full depth, or as otherwise recommended by the project geotechnical consultant,and replaced with engineered fill. The Older Alluvial materials are generally suitable for the support of new development. Where exposed near grade,it is anticipated that the uppermost Older Alluvial Materials 2 to 3 feet will be weathered and shall require re-compaction as engineered fill. The bedrock underlying the site is considered suitable for the support of new development. Some degree of over-excavation and replacement with Over Excavation engineered fill will be required across any bedrock/fill transitions in order to mitigate adverse potential differential settlements. Upon approval of finai grading plan, special underdrainage considerations Underdrainage will be needed to allow for the continuity of subsurface waters flowing Considerations along the deeper alluvial/alluvial-bedrock contact areas in the northeast pond area. Based on the Tentative Tract Map (Figure 3-4), the backcuts for the Removals of Pond Deposits removals of the pond deposits and stability fill,and placement of engineered compacted fill(Cafl shall be implemented. Based on stability analyses, the temporary backcuts in pond deposits shall Temporary Backcuts be accomplished at a 1:1 slope ratio in 20-foot vertical increments with 20- foot wide benches at these intervals. Removals should stop within 7-8' of the ultimate removal bottom over an adequate workable area. The remaining 7-8' of removal shall be done in 50- footf long increments approximately 20-40' wide. Concrete and asphalt Fill Placement fragments with granular materials should be immediately placed and compacted up to a depth of approximately 10 feet. The next 50-foot long segment shall then be initiated in a similar manner and continued until an adequate fill area is attained. Due to the groundwater conditions, a 2-3' thick clay mixed with drier Groundwater Fill material seal, compacted to 90% relative compaction, may be required. Considerations Additional fill materials consisting of imported mixed loads (concrete, City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.6-13 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.6 Geology and Soils Geotechnical Topic Geotechnical Mitigation asphalt and clean fill) and pond deposits (clay) properly dried and mixed with suitable materials shall be compacted to 90%to within 10 feet of final grade. The upper 10 feet of fill shall consist preferably of non-expansive fill Fill Materials material compacted to 90% relative compaction with no materials 6" in diameter or greater. Temporary backcuts in compacted artificial fill (Ca� and native alluvial Temporary Backcuts sands and gravels (Qya, Qoa.l, Qoa.2) shall be excavated at a 1:1 slope ratio to the full depth of the required removal without benches. Where pond deposits underly the Handy Creek Box Channel, the sequence of excavation shall be accomplished as follows: • Remove artificial fill (Afl, compacted artificial fill (Cafl and pond deposits to a depth of 20 feet at a l:1 slope ratio for the entire reach where the pond deposits occur under the box channel (approximately 400 feet). Remove the next 20 feet� of pond deposits to within 6-T of the ultimate bottom in 100-foot long Handy Creek Box Channel �ncrements. Considerations . Remove the remainder (6-7') in 50-foot long increments, stabilize the approved bottom with concrete and asphalt, filling voids with granular material and compacting to approximately 10 feet above approved bottom. Compact suitable material for the next 10 feet vertical. • Remove the next 50-foot long segment as above and continue this procedure through the entire 400-feet reach. • Portions of the site soils exhibit expansive characteristics. In order to reduce the effects of expansive soils and potential settlement,the use of post-tensioned slab on grade foundations shall be considered. These slabs should be designed in accordance with the applicable City adopted Building Code (UBC) and local jurisdictional requirements. • Proposed structures are anticipated to consist of lightly loaded two Foundation to three story frame construction with relatively light structural loading conditions. Post-construction foundation settlements for these structures are expected to be within allowable design � tolerances. • Although preliminary chemical analysis indicates that Type I and II Portland Cement may be suitable, Type V Portland Cement is recommended for concrete placed within the influence of anticipated site soils. Earthquakes All structures shall be designed to resist earthquakes with compliance with the City adopted Building Code. Source:Appendix G,Geological Investigation. Page 5.6-14 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.6 Geology and Soi�s Earthquake The project site is not within an Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zone for surface fault rupture hazards (Hart, 1997). Also, no faults or fault-related features were observed during subsurface investigations and field reconnaissance. Based on the available geologic data and the fault investigation by Ginter and Shlemon (1991), active, or potentially active faults, with the potential for surface fault rupture at the project site during the design life of the proposed development is considered low and a less-than significant impact. Therefare, the potential for surface fault rupture at the project site during the design life of the proposed development is provided in Impact GEO-1. Mitigation Measure GEO-1 requires compliance with the recommendations of the Preliminary Geologic and Geotechnical Engineering Investigation and Tentative Grading Plan Review Study and reduces this potential impact to a less than significant level. Seismic Shaking The project site would be subject to strong ground shaking. Based on the seismic hazard anaysis for the project site, the peak ground acceleration that, as a minimum has a 10% probablity of being exceeded in 50 years, is 0.386g. Due to the proximity of the active Whittier-North Elsinore Fault Zone approximately 10 km northeast of the project site capable of a maximum magnitude of 7.1, ground shaking during an earthquake is considered a potentially significant impact, as with historic development in the surrounding area. It should be noted that there is no realistic way in which the seismic shaking hazard can be avoided; however, it should be recognized that it is not considered feasible to make structures totally resistant to seismic shaking. Seismic performance goals may expect that some property damage will be sustained in a moderate to large earthquake, but damage should be repairable and not life-threatening. For residential development, structures should be able to: � Resist minor earthquakes with no damage, • Resist moderate earthquakes with some nonstructural damage, and • Resist major earthquakes with some structural damage,but with a low likelihood of collapse. Therefore, with the incorporation of PDF GEO-7, PDF GEO-8, and MM GEO-1, the potential impacts (Impact GEO-1)related to strong ground shaking,is considered less-than significant. � Liquefaction The proposed project includes PDF GEO-7 to address potential impacts from expansive soils. PDF GEO- 7 requires the proposed project to remove pond deposits and replace them with approved compacted fill. This is presently being accomplished by the backfill operation. This operation will eliminate any potential liquefaction issues within those soils. PDF GEO-8 requires remedial grading in areas of near surface alluvial deposits to effectively eliminate any potential project site liquefaction. Additionally, Mitigation Measure GEO-1 requires compliance with the recommendations of Appendix G, Geological City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.6-15 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.6 Geology and Soils Investigation. This would require that reinforced shallow foundations or deepened foundations be utilized as necessary to eliminate potential adverse effects of project site liquefaction. Liquefaction is a phenomenon, which tends to occur in saturated less cohesive soils during relatively severe earthquake ground motions. In general, during ground motion, saturated sands tend to compact and decrease in volume, and if drainage is unable to occur, an increase in pore water pressure may result. If the pore water pressure becomes equivalent to the overburden pressure, the effective stress becomes zero and, consequently,the soil loses its strength and is considered to be in a liquefied state. Liquefaction analyses were previously performed by Neblett and Associates, Inc. based on procedures developed at the NCEER (National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research) Workshop (Youd and Idriss, 1997), and available field data obtained by Gregg In Situ, Inc.,utilizing Cone Penetrometer Testing (CPT) soundings are provided in Appendix G, Geological Investigation. Additional field exploration, consisting of hollow stem and bucket auger borings, and backhoe trenches were also performed to augment the CPT field data. The liquefaction analyses were performed based on CPT soundings obtained from CPT-2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19 and 24 through 27 considered representative of the proj ect site subsurface profile. All of the CPT soundings were founded in pond deposit materials. Several penetrated through the pond deposits and terminated within the alluvial materials. Groundwater depths utilized in the analyses reflect actual field measurements obtained from the CPT data. The analysis includes corrections for overburden stress (Cn), energy reduction (N60), overburden pressure (Nl)60, and equivalent clean sand correction (N1)60cs. The stress reduction factar (rd), cyclic stress ration (SCR), and corresponding computer factor of safety (FS) were based on the CPT data. Earthquake magnitudes of 7.1, and maximum peak horizontal acceleration of 0.375g, were considered appropriate based on information provided in Appendix G, Geological Investigation. The revised Idriss earthquake magnitude scaling factor (MSF) and high overburden correction factor (Ko) were utilized in the factor of safety computations. In general, soils that contain more than 35% fines (passing No. 200 sieve) are not considered to be susceptible to liquefaction. It should be noted, however, that these materials might liquefy under certain conditions (Seed and Idriss, 1982). In addition, SPT N-values (Nl)60 greater than 30 blows/foot are not considered susceptible to soil liquefaction. Predominantly granular soils (Zones 7 through 10 of the CPT Classification Chart by Robertson and Campanella, 1998), exhibiting SPT N-values (N1)60 less than 30 blows/foot, are considered susceptible to soil liquefaction. Based on the analysis, several zones within the pond deposit materials at the project site are identified as being susceptible to soil liquefaction in their present condition and are summarized in Table 5.6-3, Zone of Poterrtial Soil Liquefaction. Page 5.6-16 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.6 Geology and Soils Table 5.6-3: Zone of Potential Soil Liquefaction CPT Na Depth Range of Potential Computed Minimum Factor of Liquefaction Zone{ft.) Safety(1) 4 15,22,33 0.28 7 None N/A 10 None N/A 11 None N/A 13 None N/A 14 22-24,26-35 030 15 6-9,26-30 0.51 18 0-9, 14-24,28-30,35-36 0.42 19 0-9, 14-24,28-30,35-36 0.42 24 3-14 0.57 25 22-25, 30-33 0.52 26 14-17, 19-25,28-35 0.54 27 None N/A Note: �Represent lowest computed factor of safety for the given depth range of potential liquefaction zone. Source:Appendix G,Geologicad Investigation. The underlying alluvial materials are not considered susceptible to soil liquefaction for one or a combination of the following reasons: • The alluvial materials underlying the pond deposits at depth exhibit SPT N-Values (N1)60 above 30 blows/foot. • The alluvial materials underlying both the pond deposits at depth, and those exposed at shallower depths, are classified as silty and sandy gravels, cobbly gravels, gravelly sand, clayey silts, silty clays, and clayey sands. Gravel clasts approximately '/2 inch to 3 inches in diameter were encountered throughout and generally consisted of approximately 20 to 50% of the total soil matrix. In addition, abundant cobbles (up to 12 inches in diameter) and some boulders were also encountered. In general, coarse-grained materials containing a high percentage of gravels are less susceptible to liquefaction. • Based on case histories, the potential for liquefaction occurs within the upper approximately 50 feet of site grade. Below approximately 50 feet, the overburden pressures induced by the overlying materials tend to confine pore water pressure release and subsequent adverse effects due to soil liquefaction. City of Orange-Draft ElR—May 2013 Page 5.6-17 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.6 Geology and Soils The proposed project would eliminate the potential adverse effects (Impact GEO-1) associated with soil liquefaction through the site improvement measures (PDF GEO-7, PDF GEO-8, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1). These are necessary in areas susceptible to potential soil liquefaction for the proposed structures. They include the removal of pond deposits and replacement with approved compacted fill that would mitigate potential liquefaction within those soils. It is anticipated that remedial grading in areas of near surface alluvial deposits would also effectively mitigate potential site liquefaction. Reinforced shallow foundations or deepened foundations could also mitigate potential adverse effects of site liquefaction. Therefore, with the incorporation of PDF GEO-7, PDF GEO-8, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1 the potential impacts (Impact GEO-1) related to liquefaction are considered less-than significant and no mitigation measures are required. Landsliding No evidence for deep-seated land sliding was observed on or in the immediate vicinity of the project site, in the field, or on the aerial photographs reviewed. Due to the lack of significant topography, land sliding is not expected on the project site. Therefore, no impact is anticipated related to land sliding and no mitigation measures are required. Level of Significance The proposed project, inclusive of PDF GEO-7, PDF GEO-8, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1, would reduce Impact GEO-1 to less than significant levels related to earthquake, ground shaking, liquefaction, and landslides. Erosion Threshold GEO-B Would the proposed project result in substantial soil erosion or the loss of topsoil? [CEQA Geology Threshold 6(b)] PDF GEO-1 through PDF GEO-6 requires the proposed project to use buried rip-rap that would be located within Planning Area A on the southerly side Santiago Creek. Planning Area A Santiago Creek erodes naturally in its current configuration and a certain portion of that erosion would continue with or without the project. The proposed project will not cause any additional erosion beyond that already naturally occurring. The north bank of Santiago Creek will remain in its natural state and would not be protected and be subject to natural occurring soil erosion and loss of topsoil. The south bank of Santiago Creek in Planning Area A would be protected adjacent to Planning Areas C, D, and a portion of Planning Area B. The south Santiago Creek bank protection is based on the geotechnical analysis that recommends removals and replacement with compacted fills and an installation of a bank protection device. The bank Page 5.6-18 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.6 Geology and Soils protection device would be founded in firm-bearing bedrock and/or young alluvial sands and gravels (Qya). The bank protection device has been designed by Fuscoe Engineering. The protective device will be located in Planning Area A along designated reaches of the south bank of Santiago Creek and adjacent to Planning Area D in Santiago Oaks Regional Park. The proposed protective device will consists of buried rip-rap. The protective device will reduce the potential for erosion of slopes by stream action and protect proposed structures. The buried rip-rap would protect a portion of Planning Area B, and all of Planning Areas C and D. A schematic of the protective device and the geologic conditions associated with the proposed grading are provided in Appendix G, Geotechnical Investigation,to this Draft EIR. The buried rip-rap would protect the multi-purpose trail system located within Planning Area A adjacent to Planning Areas C and D. It would also protect a portion of multi-purpose trail located within Planning Area A adjacent to Planning Area B. This buried rip-rap would allow erosion and loss of topsoil; however, the amount of erosion and topsoil loss would be no greater than that which presently could naturally occur in the area without the project. The proposed project would not disturb the existing Santiago Creek slope bank. Additionally, Mitigation Measure GEO-1 (Impact GEO-1) provides additional erosion protection for the proposed project. A portion of the multi-purpose trail system within Planning Area A adjacent to Planning Area B (i.e., soccer fields) would not be protected by buried rip-rap. The multi-purpose trail in this area would be subject to potential erosion, loss of topsoil, and loss of the multi-purpose trail. It is important to note that the proposed project would not cause additional Santiago Creek erosion. Santiago Creek would continue to naturally erode without causation by the proposed project. Additionally, PDF GEO-4 requires restoration of the multi-purpose trail in this area. Therefare, with the incorporation of PDF GEO-1 through PDF GEO-6, PDF GEO-8, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1 the potential impacts (Impact GEO-1) as it relates to substantial soil erosion, loss of topsoil, and loss of a portion of the multi-purpose trail in Planning Area A is considered a less than significant impact. Planning Area B As noted above, a portion of Planning Area B would not be protected by buried rip-rap. The portion of the south bank of Santiago Creek not protected would be subject to existing natural soil erosion and loss of topsoil. At Planning Area B, the proposed land use is designated as OS-P, Open Space Park. For this land use, a buried rip-rap slope wall is not required because habitable structures are not proposed therein. The proposed project would not cause additional erosion from Santiago Creek. Santiago Creek would continue to erode without causation by the proposed project. Therefore, the potential impact (Impact GEO-1), as it relates to substantial soil erosion, loss of topsoil, and loss of a portion of the multi-purpose trail in Planning Area B, with the incorporation of PDF GEO-1 through PDF GEO-6, PDF GEO-8, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1 is considered a less than significant impact. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.6-19 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.6 Geology and Soils Planning Area C and D As noted above, the Planning Areas C and D would be protected by buried rip-rap. This buried rip-rap would allow erosion and loss of topsoil; however, the amount of erosion and topsoil loss would be no greater than that which presently could naturally occur in the area without the project. The proposed project would not disturb the existing Santiago Creek slope bank. Additionally, Mitigation Measure GEO-1 (Impact GEO-1)provides additional erosion protection for the proposed project. Therefore, with the incorporation of PDF GEO-1 through PDF GEO-6, PDF GEO-8, and Mitigation � Measure GEO-1 the potential impacts (Impact GEO-1), as it relates to substantial soil erosion and loss of topsoil in Planning Areas C and D, is considered a less than significant impact. Level of Significance The proposed project, inclusive of PDF GEO-1 through PDF GEO-6, PDF GEO-8, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1,would reduce Impact GEO-1 to less than significant levels related to erosion. Unstable Geologic Location Threshold GEO-C Would the proposed project be located on a geologic unit or soil that is unstable, or that would become unstable as a result of the proposed project, and potentially result in on- or off-site landslide, lateral spreading, subsidence, liquefaction, or collapse? [CEQA Geology Threshold 6(c)] Soil Properties At issuance of NOP (April 7t'' 2011), the project site, in general, consists of alluvial terrace deposits underlain by bedrock units. Portions of this alluvium were mined and later infilled with various washed materials in an unconsolidated state, which have been designated as pond deposits (Pd). Two major areas of these pond deposits have been designated on Figure 5.6-1, Geotechnical Map as the northeast pond and the western pond, which will require remediation. Please note in March 2011, the City issued Grading Permit#2047 related to the backfill operation. The central portion of the project site required remediation due to (past) contaminated soils (please refer to Section 5.8, Hazards and Hazardous Waste for detail). These excavations and replacement with engineered fill (Ca� were performed under the geotechnical observations of Geomatrix (1996). This compacted fill area is generally considered suitable for support of the proposed development, except for a small area immediately east of the Handy Creek Box Channel, as shown on Figure 5.6-1, Geotechnical Map. The alluvial terrace gravels designated as Qya and Qoa-1, which are located underlying the western pond deposits are well consolidated and suitable for the support of the proposed development. Recent alluvium shown on Figure 5.6.1, Geotechnical Map, as Qal will require removal within the development sphere. Page 5.6-20 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.6 Geology and Soils The underlying bedrock materials assigned to the undifferentiated Vaqueros/Sespe Formation (Tvs) and the El Modeno Volcanics (Tem) are considered suitable (with proper engineering) for support of the proposed development. Slope Stability The proposed development includes slopes constructed at a slope ratio of 2:1 (horizontal: vertical) to maximum height on the arder of 50 feet. Based on slope stability slopes at 2:1 (H: V), and about 50 feet high, will exhibit acceptable factors of safety under static and pseudostatic conditions. In addition, temporary slopes to about 40 feet height are anticipated during remedial grading within pond areas. Based on our stability analyses,the temporary backcuts in pond deposits can be accomplished at a 1:1 slope ratio in 20-foot vertical increments with 20-foot wide benches at these intervals, as shown in the applicable cross-sections. In addition to proposed slopes, natural slopes exist descending to the Santiago Creek. Portions of these slopes expose competent bedrock materials and are considered grossly stable. The portions of the natural slopes not exposing competent material that affect the proposed development will have protective devices constructed, such that potential bank erosion is limited to the area between the protective device and the Creek. Therefore, slope stability is considered a less than significant impact after development. Subsidence: The pond deposits and other undocumented fills within the stress influence of proposed development area are recommended to be removed and replaced with engineered fill derived from approved on-site and off- site sources as provided in Mitigation Measures GEO-1. The removal of the compressible materials and replacement with engineered fill, and the presence of dense underlying alluvial terrace deposits and bedrock materials, will mitigate potential for subsidence. Thus, subsidence is considered a less-than significant impact after development. Lateral Spreading and Collapse Lateral spreading and collapse do not apply to the proposed project. According to Appendix G, Geological Investigation, the proposed project does not contain the soil materials to lateral spreading or collapse. As mentioned above, the proposed project distance from active fault zones as in Appendix G, Geological Investigation would not allow for serve shaking that would cause this to occur. Therefore, a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures are required. Geological Hazards The geologic hazards in the general area of the project site are those primarily associated with landslides and earthquakes. Due to the topography and other factors, landsliding is not a hazard for the project site. The project site is similar to most of Southern California with respect to hazards associated with earthquakes. Appendix G, Geological Investigation reviewed the hazards associated with earthquakes that include primary hazards (i.e., ground shaking, surface rupture) and secondary hazards (i.e., liquefaction, seismic settlement, tsunamis, and seiches) and the effect of these on the project site. Please refer to Threshold GEO-A related to the exposure of people or structures to potential substantial adverse City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.6-21 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.6 Geology and Soils effects related to earthquakes, seismic shaking, ground failure, and landslides. Additionally, refer to Threshold GEO-B related to erosion. With the incorporation of PDF GEO-1 through PDF GEO-6, PDF GEO-8, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1, potential project impacts related to these two thresholds were determined to be less than significant. The major cause of damage from earthquakes is the shaking from earthquake waves and the much less frequent damage due to actual displacement or fault movement beneath a structure. The shaking would occur not only immediately adjacent to the earthquake epicenter but also within areas for many miles in all directions based on information provided in the City's Municpal Code and Appendix G, Geological Investigation Fault Map location. As previously noted, with the incorporation of PDF GEO-1 through GEO-6 and Mitigation Measure GEO-1, which includes the removal of the unsuitable materials (i.e., pond deposits) and replacement with engineered compacted fill far the proposed structures and structural design based on the seismic parameters recommended, would reduce potential impacts related to geologic hazards to a less than significant level. Therefore, with the incorporation of PDF GEO-1 through PDF GEO-6, PDF GEO-8, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1, the geologic hazards would be considered to be a less than significant impact after development and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project, inclusive of PDF GEO-1 through PDF GEO-6, PDF GEO-8, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1, would reduce Impact GEO-1 to less than significant levels related to unstable geologic location. Expansive Soil Threshold GEO-D Would the proposed project be located on expansive soil, as defined in Table 18-1- B of the Uniform Building Code(1994),creating substantial risks to life or property? [CEQA Geology Threshold 6(d)] Corrosive Soils Based on laboratory analyses, the sulfate content is considered negligible. Soil sulfate attack on concrete is therefore not expected to be a major factar in design. Future chemical analysis should determine the concrete type when finish grades are attained. Similarly, the chemical analyses performed as of this date indicate no abnormal concentrations of Title 22 metals. Title 22 metals include: • Antimony(Sb) • Arensic (As) • Barium(Ba) • Beryllium(Be) • Cadmuim(Cd) � Chromium(CR) • Cobalt(Co) • Copper(Cu) • Lead(Pb) • Mercury(Hg) • Molybdenum(Mo) • Nickel (Ni) • Selenium(Se) • Silver(Ag) • Thallium(TI) • Vanadium(V) • Zinc (Zn) Page 5.6-22 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.6 Geology and Soils Therefore, a less than significant impact occurs for corrosive soils and no mitigation measures are required. Expansive Soils The older alluvium deposits (Qoa-1 and Qoa-2), bedrock and compacted artificial fill (Ca� deposits generally exhibit low expansion indices (from laboratory data) and will be left in place or have only minor cuts per the proposed grading plan. The pond deposits contain materials that have expansion indices ranging from low to very high, based on laboratory analyses (Appendices V-VII). These pond materials should be removed in their entirety within the zone of influence of structures (e.g., Recreation Center, residential structures, etc.), blended with low expansion materials and replaced at depth, where possible, as compacted fill into the removal areas. The mixing and placement as compacted fills at depth as defined in PDF GEO-1 through PDF GEO-7, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1 would reduce this hazard(Impact GEO-1)to a less than significant impact. Northeast Pond Deposit Area The northeast pond deposits are generally 20 feet and up to 25 feet in thickness and underlain by SespeNaqueros bedrock. Some localized thin native alluvial terrace gravels mantle the bedrock and carry appreciable groundwater. The pond deposits are predominately wet clays. Statistical analyses of in-place density and moisture content are included in AppendixVI, Table 1. The results indicate that these pond deposits exhibit an average in-place relative compaction of approximately 62 to 67% with average moisture content of approximately 29%. This indicates that these materials are wet of optimum moisture content and localized areas could be as high as 40 to 50 % over optimum moisture content. Also, based on laboratory test data, up to 25% shrinkage can be expected when pond deposits are re-worked as engineered fill. Please refer to Expansive Soils sub-topic directly above. Complete removal and replacement with engineered fill of the pond deposits will be required within the zone of influence of the structures (structures defined as improvements with limited tolerance to potential long-term excessive/adverse total and differential settlement; e.g., single-family residences, etc.). Upon removal of the pond deposits, a conceptual 2 to 3 feet thick pervious rock blanket covered by suitable geotextile filter fabric will be required to facilitate groundwater flow under and around the project site and designed to facilitate natural flow. The pond deposits will be temporarily stockpiled, dried sufficiently and mixed with granular soils to be used as compacted engineered artificial fill in the void created by the excavations. Sub-drainage system design concepts will be provided when more detailed grading plans become available; and, will likely include additional various diameters of perforated sub-drain pipes with filter rock, and possible cut-off curtains and other groundwater control devices. The sub-drain network will utilize gravity flow to an appropriate outlet structure. Therefore, a less than significant impact is anticipated related to the Northeast Pond deposit area. City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.6-23 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.6 Geology and Soils Western Pond Area The western pond area deposits are delineated on Figure 5.6-1, Geotechnical Map. This pond deposit is variable in thickness having an approximate average maximum depth of 40f feet. Underlying the soft pond deposits are native alluvial terrace gravels (Qya and Qoal) that are generally 30� feet in thickness. These gravels are in turn, underlain by the hard resistant bedrock units of the SespeNaqueros Formation and the El Modeno Volcanics. The alluvial terrace gravels above the bedrock carry groundwater associated with the subterranean flows of the Santiago Creek Valley. Also, based on laboratory test data, up to 25% shrinkage can be expected when pond deposits are re-worked as engineered fill. Please refer to Expansive Soils sub-topic two topics above. Complete removal of the pond deposits should be required within the zone of influence of the proposed structures (i.e., recreation building/YMCA building, swimming pools, etc.) and replaced with engineered fill. The pond deposits will be temporarily stockpiled, dried sufficiently and mixed with granular soils to be used as compacted engineered artificial fill in the void created by the excavations. In order to reduce potential adverse settlement and subsidence in the non-structural areas (i.e., ball fields, etc.) it is recommended for current planning purposes that the uppermost 5 feet of materials below planned finish grade be removed and replaced with approved compacted (90% relative compaction) engineered fill. If deleterious materials such as buried brush are exposed at the base of the general over- excavation, consideration should be given to remove such debris and replace with acceptable materials in accordance with the project geotechnical engineer's recommendations. No oversize materials (greater than 6" in diameter) will be allowed in this zone. Therefare, a less than significant impact is anticipated related to the Western Pond deposit area. Level of Significance The proposed project, inclusive of PDF GEO-1 through PDF GEO-7, and Mitigation Measure GEO-1, would reduce Impact GEO-1 to less than significant levels related to unstable geologic location. Septic Tanks Threshold GEO-E Would the proposed project have soils incapable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems where sewers are not available for the disposal of wastewater? [CEQA Geology Threshold 6(e)] The proposed project site would be served by a municipal sewer system and does not propose the use of septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems. Therefore, the development of the proposed project would not require soils that are capable of adequately supporting the use of septic tanks or alternative wastewater disposal systems. Therefare, no impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Page 5.6-24 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.6 Geology and Soils Level of Significance The proposed project would have no impact related to septic tanks and no mitigation measures would be required. 5.6.6 Evaluation Summary Table 5.6-4, Evaluation Summary Table - Geology, summarizes potentially significant project impacts from this Draft EIR. Table 5.6-4: Evaluation Summary Table -Geology Threshold Potential Impact Mitigation Measure Level of Significance Earthquake/Ground Shaking/Liquefaction/Land Impact GEO-1 MM GEO-1 Less than significant with mitigation slide Erosion Impact GEO-1 MM GEO-1 Less than significant with mitigation Unstable Geologic Impact GEO-1 MM GEO-1 Less than significant with mitigation Location Expansive Soils Impact GEO-1 MM GEO-1 Less than significant with mitigation Septic Tanks Less than significant None Less than significant City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.6-25 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 5.7.1 Introduction Purpose This section of the Draft EIR addresses the potential impacts to greenhouse gas emissions, which may result from the construction and operation of the proposed project. This section also identifies mitigation measures to reduce any potentially significant land use and planning impacts and describes the residual impact, if any, after imposition of the mitigation. Sources The following sources were used in consideration and discussion of the potential environmental impacts: • Global Climate Change Analysis Rio Santiago Specific Plan, City of Orange, prepared by Vista Environmental, December 20, 2012, as provided in Technical Appendix H, Global Climate Change Analysis,to this Draft EIR. • Comments received during the public review period and at the scoping meetings. These comments are contained in Appendix A,Public Participation Process. 5.7.2 Exisxing Environmental Setting Existing Use Mate�ia/s Recyc/ing Approximately five acres in the southeastern portion of the project site are used as a materials recycling area. This area includes apparatus for the crushing of boulders, bricks, rocks, etc. for recycling. The materials recycling area additionally includes operations that provide for the cement treatment of base materials. Figure 3-5, Materials Recycling, provides the present location of the materials recycling area. Material far this operation originates primarily from off-site sources. Access to the materials recycling area is from a controlled entrance along East Santiago Canyon Road. Materials generated by this operation have historically been used on and transported off the project site. The materials generated by this operation at issuance of the NOP were being taken off-site. Materials recycling will continue on the project site through the construction of the proposed project until Planning Area D is developed. Backfi//ing Operation To restore previously mined portions of the site (south of Santiago Creek), a portion of the project site is presently being backfilled as a permitted land use. The existing backfill operation is not a permanent use. The project site is presently being backfilled in sequentially defined phases. Figure 3-6, Backfill Operation, provides the location of the backfill operation. The project site is being over excavated (i.e., removal of unsuitable materials) and filled in the present backfill operation. The applicant has indicated additional that grading permit(s) will be requested from the City to complete backfilling of all previously mined portions of the project site. As previously noted, the project site was used from 1919 to 1995 for City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.7-1 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions surface mining of sand, gravel, and other aggregates. Previously mined portions of the project site were used for residue silt deposition, otherwise known as silt ponds. Approximately 2,248,200 cubic yards of material will be over excavated per Tentative Tract Map No. 17344. Once removed,the material will be spread and dried on the project site. The material will then be mixed with imported materials. A total of 1,100,000 cubic yards of material will be imported to the site. Please refer to Section 5.16, Transportation and Tra�c for detail information related to truck trips. The imported materials will be based on recommendations of the soils engineer and include concrete, asphalt, rock, and soiL The imported materials will be crushed on-site by either the existing materials recycling facility or additional operations. A total of 3,348,200 cubic yards of material will be blended during the project site grading(including backfilling operation and mass grading). This includes materials both over excavated and imported to the project site. This approved, on-going backfill operation currently is separate and distinct from the proposed project. However, most of this grading would have to occur to construct the proposed project. Therefore, as a practical result, from the date of project approval the backfilling and grading will become project site preparation activities and, as such, are analyzed as part of the construction phase of the project. Greenhouse Gas Constituent gases of the Earth's atmosphere, called atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), play a critical role in the Earth's radiation amount by trapping infrared radiation emitted from the Earth's surface, which otherwise would escapes to space. Prominent greenhouse gases contributing to this process include carbon dioxide (COz), methane (CH4), ozone (03), water vapor, nitrous oxide (N20), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). This phenomenon, known as the Greenhouse Effect, is responsible for maintaining a habitable climate. Anthropogenic (caused or produced by humans) emissions of these greenhouse gases in excess of natural ambient concentrations are responsible for the enhancement of the Greenhouse Effect and have led to a trend of unnatural warming of the Earth's natural climate, known as global warming or climate change. Emissions of gases that induce global warming are attributable to human activities associated with industriaUmanufacturing, agriculture, utilities, transportation, and residential land uses. Transportation is responsible for an estimated 41 percent of the State's greenhouse gas emissions, followed by electricity generation. Emissions of COz and NZO are byproducts of fossil fuel combustion. Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, results from off-gassing associated with agricultural practices and landfills. Sinks of CO2, where COZ is stored outside of the atmosphere, include uptake by vegetation and dissolution into the oceans. The following provides a description of each of the greenhouse gases and their global warming potential. Water Vapor Water vapor is the most abundant, important, and variable GHG in the atmosphere. Water vapor is not considered a pollutant; in the atmosphere it maintains a climate necessary for life. Changes in its concentration are primarily considered a result of climate feedbacks related to the warming of the atmosphere rather than a direct result of industrialization. The feedback loop in which water is involved is critically important to projecting future climate change. As the temperature of the atmosphere rises, Page 5.7-2 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions more water is evaporated from ground storage (rivers, oceans, reservoirs, soil). Because the air is warmer, the relative humidiry can be higher (in essence, the air is able to "hold" more water when it is warmer), leading to mare water vapor in the atmosphere. As a GHG, the higher concentration of water vapor is then able to absorb mare thermal indirect energy radiated from the Earth, thus further warming the atmosphere. The warmer atmosphere can then hold more water vapor, and so on and so on. This is referred to as a"positive feedback loop." The extent to which this positive feedback loop will continue is unknown as there is also dynamics that put the positive feedback loop in check. As an example, when water vapor increases in the atmosphere, more of it will eventually also condense into clouds, which are more able to reflect incoming solar radiation (thus allowing less energy to reach the Earth's surface and heat it up). Carbon Dioxide The natural production and absorption of COz is achieved through the terrestrial biosphere and the oceans. However, humankind has altered the natural carbon cycle by burning coal, oil, natural gas, and wood. Since the industrial revolution began in the mid 1700s, each of these activities has increased in scale and distribution. COZ was the first GHG demonstrated to be increasing in atmospheric concentration with the first conclusive measurements being made in the last half of the 20"' century. Prior to the industrial revolution, concentrations were fairly stable at 280 parts per million (ppm). The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that concentrations were 379 ppm in 2005, an increase of more than 30 percent. Left unchecked, the IPCC projects that concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is projected to increase to a minimum of 540 ppm by 2100 as a direct result of anthropogenic sources. This could result in an average global temperature rise of at least two degrees Celsius. Methane CH4 is an extremely effective absorber of radiation, although its atmospheric concentration is less than that of COz. Its lifetime in the atmosphere is relatively brief(10 to 12 years), compared to some other GHGs [such as COz, N20, and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)]. CH4 has both natural and anthropogenic sources. It is released as part of the biological processes in low oxygen environments, such as in swamplands or in rice production (at the roots of the plants). Over the last 50 years, human activities such as growing rice, raising cattle, using natural gas, and mining coal have added to the atmospheric concentration of inethane. Other anthropocentric sources include fossil-fuel combustion and biomass burning. Nitrous Oxide Concentrations of N20 also began to rise as well at the beginning of the industrial revolution. In 1998, the global concentration was 314 parts per billion (ppb). Nz0 is produced by microbial processes in soil and water, including those reactions which occur in fertilizer containing nitrogen. In addition to agricultural sources, some industrial processes (fossil fuel-fired power plants, nylon production, nitric acid production, and vehicle emissions) also contribute to its atmospheric load. It is used as an aerosol spray propellant; i.e. in whipped cream bottles, in potato chip bags to keep chips fresh, in rocket engines and in race cars. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.7-3 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs are gases formed synthetically by replacing all hydrogen atoms in methane or ethane (CzHb) with chlorine and/or fluorine atoms. CFCs are nontoxic, nonflammable, insoluble, and chemically unreactive in the troposphere(the level of atmosphere at the Earth's surface). CFCs have no natural source,but were first synthesized in 1928. It was used for refrigerants, aerosol propellants, and cleaning solvents. Due to the discovery that they are able to destroy stratospheric ozone, a global effort to halt their production was undertaken. This effort was extremely successful, and the levels of the major CFCs are now remaining level or declining. However, their long atmospheric lifetimes mean that some of the CFCs will remain in the atmosphere for over 100 years. Hydrofluorocarbons HFCs are synthetic man-made chemicals that are used as a substitute for CFCs. Out of all the GHGs, they are one of three groups with the highest global warming potential. The HFCs with the largest measured atmospheric abundances are (in order), HFG23 (CHF3), HFG134a (CF3CHzF), and HFG152a (CH3CHFZ). Prior to 1990, the only significant emissions were HFG23. HFC-134a use is increasing due to its use as a refrigerant. Concentrations of HFC-23 and HFG134a are now about 10 parts per trillion (ppt) each. Concentrations of HFG152a are about 1 ppt. HFCs are manmade for applications such as automobile air conditioners and refrigerants. Perfluorocarbons Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have stable molecular structures and do not break down through the chemical processes in the lower atmosphere. High-energy ultraviolet rays about 60 kilometers above Earth's surface are able to destroy the compounds. Because of this, PFCs have very long lifetimes, between 10,000 to 50,000 years. Two common PFCs are tetrafluaromethane (CF4) and hexafluoroethane (CZF6). Concentrations of CF4 in the atmosphere are over 70 ppt. The two main sources of PFCs are primary aluminum production and semiconductor manufacturing. Sulfur Hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) is an inorganic, odorless, colorless, nontoxic, nonflammable gas. SF6 has the highest global warming potential of any gas evaluated: 23,900 times that of CO2. Concentrations in the 1990s were about 4 ppt. Sulfur hexafluoride is used for insulation in electric power transmission and distribution equipment, in the magnesium industry, in semiconductor manufacturing, and as a tracer gas for leak detection. Aerosols Aerosols are particles emitted into the air through burning biomass (plant material) and fossil fuels. Aerosols can warm the atmosphere by absorbing and emitting heat and can cool the atmosphere by reflecting light. Cloud formation can also be affected by aerosols. Sulfate aerosols are emitted when fuel containing sulfur is burned. Black carbon (or soot) is emitted during biomass burning due to the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. Particulate matter regulation has been lowering aerosol concentrations in the United States; however, global concentrations are likely increasing. Page 5.7-4 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Global Warming Potential GHGs have varying global warming potential (GWP). The GWP is the potential of a gas or aerosol to trap heat in the atmosphere; it is the cumulative radiative forcing effects of a gas over a specified time horizon resulting from the emission of a unit mass of gas relative to the reference gas, CO2. One teragram of carbon dioxide equivalent (Tg COze) is essentially the emissions of the gas multiplied by the global warming potential. One teragram is equal to one-million metric tons. The carbon dioxide equivalent is a good way to assess emissions because it gives weight to the GWP of the gas. The atmospheric lifetime and the GWP of selected gases are summarized in Table 5-7-1, Global Warming Potentials and Atmospheric Lifetimes. As shown in Table 5-7-1, Global Warming Potentials and Atmospheric Lifetimes, the GWP of GHGs ranges from 1 to 23,900. Table 5-7-1: Global Warming Potentials and Atmospheric Lifetimes Global Warming Potential* Gas Atmos heric Lifetime 100 Year Horizon Carbon Dioxide 50-200 1 Methane 12 f 3 21 Nitrous Oxide 120 310 HFG23 264 l 1,700 HFC-134a 14.6 1,300 HFC-152a 1.5 140 PFC: Tetrafluoromethane 50,000 6,500 PFC: Hexafluoroethane 10,000 9,200 Sulfur Hexafluoride 3,200 23,900 *Com ared to the same uantit of COZ emissions. Source:Appendix H,Global Climate Change Analysrs. 5.7.3 Regulatory Setting International In 1988, the United Nations established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to evaluate the impacts of global climate change and to develop strategies that nations could implement to curtail global climate change. In 1992, the United States joined other countries around the world in signing the United Nations' Framework Convention on Climate Change (IJNFCCC) agreement with the goal of controlling GHG emissions. As a result, the Climate Change Action Plan was developed to address the reduction of GHGs in the United States. The plan consists of more than 50 voluntary programs. Additionally, the Montreal Protocol was originally signed in 1987 and substantially amended in 1990 and 1992. The Montreal Protocol stipulates that the production and consumption of compounds that deplete ozone in the stratosphere—CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform—were to be phased out,with the first three compounds by 2000 and methyl chlaroform by 2005. Federal The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for implementing Federal policy to address global climate change. The Federal government administers a wide array of public- City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.7-5 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions private partnerships to reduce U.S. GHG intensity. These programs focus on energy efficiency, renewable energy, methane, and other non-COZ gases, agricultural practices and implementation of technologies to achieve GHG reductions. EPA implements several voluntary programs that substantially contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions. In February 2002, the United States government announced a strategy to reduce the GHG intensity of the American economy by 18 percent over the 10-year period from 2002 to 2012. GHG intensity measures the ratio of GHG emissions to economic output. Meeting this commitment will prevent the release of more than 100 million metric tons of carbon-equivalent emissions to the atmosphere (annually) by 2012 and more than 500 million metric tons (cumulatively) between 2002 and 2012. This policy has three basic objectives: • Slowing the growth of emissions; • Strengthening science,technology, and institutions; and, • Enhancing international cooperation. The EPA is responsible for setting and enforcing the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for atmospheric pollutants. It regulates emission sources that are under the exclusive authority of the Federal government, such as aircraft, ships, and certain locomotives. In Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency(Docket No. OS-1120), argued November 29, 2006 and decided April 2, 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that not only did the EPA have authority to regulate greenhouse gases, but the EPA's reasons for not regulating this area did not fit the statutory requirements. As such, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the EPA should be required to regulate COz and other greenhouse gases as pollutants under the Federal Clean Air Act(CAA). In response to the FY2008 Consolidations Appropriations Act (H.R. 2764; Public Law ll0-161), EPA proposed a rule on March 10, 2009 that requires mandatory reporting of GHG emissions from large sources in the United States. On September 22, 2009, the Final Mandatory Reporting of GHG Rule was signed and published in the Federal Register on October 30, 2009. The rule became effective on December 29, 2009. This rule requires suppliers of fossil fuels or industrial GHGs, manufacturers of vehicles and engines, and facilities that emit 25,000 metric tons or more per year of GHG emissions to submit annual reports to EPA. On December 7, 2009, the EPA Administrator signed two distinct findings under section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act. One is an endangerment finding, which provides that concentrations of the six GHGs in the atmosphere threaten the public health and welfare of current and future generations. The other is a cause or contribute finding, which provides that emissions from new motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines contribute to the GHG pollution which threatens public health and welfare. These actions will not themselves impose any requirements on industry or other entities. However, it is a prerequisite to finalizing the EPA's proposed GHG emission standards far light-duty vehicles, which were jointly proposed by the EPA and U.S. Department of Transportation on September 15,2009. Page 5.7-6 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions State The California Air Resources Board (CARB) is responsible for implementing State policy to address global climate change. CARB, which is a part of the California Environmental Protection Agency (CaIEPA), is responsible for the coordination and administration of both the Federal and State air pollution control programs within California. In this capacity, the CARB conducts research, sets California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS), compiles emission inventories, develops suggested control measures, provides oversight of local programs, and prepares the SIP. In addition, the CARB establishes emission standards for motor vehicles sold in California, consumer products (e.g., hairspray, aerosol paints, and barbeque lighter fluid), and various types of commercial equipment. It also sets fuel specifications to further reduce vehicular emissions. CARB also proposed interim Statewide CEQA thresholds far GHG emissions and released Recommended Approaches for Setting Interim Significance Thresholds for Greenhouse Gases under the California Environmental Quality Act, on October 24, 2008. The State currently has no regulations that establish ambient air quality standards for GHGs. However, the State has passed laws directing CARB to develop actions to reduce GHG emissions,which are listed below. Assemb/y Bi//1493 California Assembly Bill 1493 enacted on July 22, 2002, required CARB to develop and adopt regulations that reduce GHGs emitted by passenger vehicles and light duty trucks. In 2005, the CARB submitted a"waiver"request to the EPA from a portion of the Federal Clean Air Act in order to allow the State to set more stringent tailpipe emission standards for COZ and other GHG emissions from passenger vehicles and light duty trucks. On December 19, 2007, the EPA announced that it denied the "waiver" request. On January 21, 2009, CARB submitted a letter to the EPA administrator regarding the State's request to reconsider the waiver denial. The EPA approved the waiver on June 30, 2009. Executive Orde�5-3-05 California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger issued Executive Order S-3-O5, GHG Emission, in June 2005, which established the following reduction targets: • 2010: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 20001evels; • 2020: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 19901evels; and, • 2050: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 80 percent below 19901evels. The Executive Order directed the Secretary of the California Environmental Protection Agency (CaIEPA) to coordinate a multi-agency effort to reduce GHG emissions to the target levels. To comply with the Executive Order, the Secretary of CaIEPA created the California Climate Action Team (CAT), made up of inembers from various State agencies and commissions. The team released its first report in March 2006. The Report proposed to achieve the targets by building on the voluntary actions of businesses, local governments, and communities and through State incentive and regulatory programs. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.7-7 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Assemb/y Bi//32 In 2006, the California State Legislature adopted Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32), the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006. AB 32 requires CARB to adopt rules and regulations that would achieve GHG emissions equivalent to Statewide levels in 1990 by 2020 through an enforceable Statewide emission cap which will be phased in starting in 2012. Emission reductions shall include carbon sequestration projects that would remove carbon from the atmosphere and best management practices (BMPs)that are technologically feasible and cost effective. On December 6, 2007 CARB released the calculated Year 1990 GHG emissions of 427 million metric tons of COZe (MMTCOZe). The 2020 target of 427 MMTCOZe requires the reduction of 169 MMTCOZe, ar approximately 30 percent from the State's projected 2020 business as usual emissions of 596 MMTCOze and the reduction of 42 MMTCOZe, or almost 10 percent from the 2002-2004 average GHG emissions. Under AB 32, CARB was required to adopt regulations by January 1, 2011 to achieve reductions in GHGs to meet the 1990 cap by 2020. Early measures CARB took to lower GHG emissions included requiring operators of the largest industrial facilities that emit 25,000 metric tons of CO2 in a calendar year to submit verification of GHG emissions by December 1, 2010. The CARB Board also approved nine discrete early action measures that include regulations affecting landfills, motor vehicle fuels, refrigerants in cars, port operations and other sources that became enforceable on or before January 1,2010. On December 11, 2008, the CARB Board approved a Scoping Plan, with final adoption May 11, 2009, that proposed a variety of ineasures including: direct regulations, alternative compliance mechanisms, monetary and non-monetary incentives, voluntary actions, a market-based cap-and-trade system, and a fee regulation to fund the program. In current pending litigation, Association of Irritated Residents v. California Air Resources Board, a California State trial court found that the analysis of the alternatives identified in the AB 32 Scoping Plan Functional Equivalent Document (FED) was not sufficient for informed decision-making and public review under CEQA. In response, CARB has appealed the decision. In addition, CARB prepared the Supplement to the AB 32 Scoping Plan Functional Equivalent Document, June 13, 20ll. On August 24, 2011, CARB recertified the complete AB 32 Scoping Plan Functional Equivalent Environmental Document revised by the Final Supplement. In December, 2011 the Final Supplement was accepted as sufficient to fulfill the trial court's March 2011 order. Senate Bi//1368 Senate Bill 1368 (SB 1368) is the companion Bill of AB 32 and was adopted in September 2006. SB 1368 requires the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to establish a performance standard for baseload generation of GHG emissions by investor-owned utilities by February 1, 2007, and for local publicly owned utilities by June 30, 2007. These standards could not exceed the GHG emissions rate from a baseload combined-cycle, natural gas-fired plant. Furthermore, the legislation states that all electriciry provided to the State, including imported electricity, must be generated by plants that meet the standards set by CPUC and CEC. Page 5.7-8 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Executive Order 5-1-07 Executive Order 5-1-07, issued in 2007, proclaims that the transportation sector is the main source of GHG emissions in the State, since it generates more than 40 percent of the State's GHG emissions. It establishes a goal to reduce the carbon intensity of transportation fuels sold in the State by at least ten percent by 2020. This Order also directs CARB to determine whether this Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) could be adopted as a discrete early-action measure as part of the effort to meet the mandates in AB 32. On April 23, 2009, CARB approved the proposed regulation to implement the LCFS. The LCFS is anticipated to reduce GHG emissions by about 16 MMT per year by 2020. The LCFS is designed to provide a framework that uses market mechanisms to spur the steady introduction of lower carbon fuels. The framework establishes performance standards that fuel producers and importers must meet each year beginning in 2011. Separate standards are established for gasoline and diesel fuels, and the alternative fuels that can replace each. The standards are "back-loaded", with more reductions required in the last five years than the first five years. This schedule allows for the development of advanced fuels that are lower in carbon than today's fuels and the market penetration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and flexible fuel vehicles. It is anticipated that compliance with LCFS will be based on a combination of both lower carbon fuels and more efficient vehicles. Reformulated gasoline mixed with corn-derived ethanol at ten percent by volume and low sulfur diesel fuel represent the baseline fuels. Lower carbon fuels may be ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel, or blends of these fuels with gasoline or diesel as appropriate. Compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas also may be low carbon fuels. Hydrogen and electricity, when used in fuel cells or electric vehicles, are also considered as low carbon fuels for the LCFS. Senate Bi//97 Senate Bill 97 (SB 97), adopted August 2007, acknowledges that climate change is a prominent environmental issue that requires analysis under CEQA. SB 97 directed the Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR), which is part of the State Resource Agency, to prepare, develop, and transmit to CARB guidelines for the feasible mitigation of GHG emissions or the effects of GHG emissions, as required by CEQA, by July 1, 2009. The Resources Agency was required to certify and adopt those guidelines by January 1,2010. Pursuant to the requirements of SB 97 as stated above, on December 30, 2009, the Natural Resources Agency adopted amendments to the State CEQA Guidelines that address GHG emissions. The CEQA Guidelines Amendments changed 14 sections of the CEQA Guidelines and incorporate GHG language throughout the Guidelines. However, no GHG emissions' thresholds of significance are provided and no specific mitigation measures are identified. The GHG emission reduction amendments went into effect on March 18,2010 and are summarized below: • Climate action plans and other greenhouse gas reduction plans can be used to determine whether a project has significant impacts,based upon its compliance with the plan. City of Orange-Drafr EIR—May 2013 Page 5.7-9 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions • Local governments are encouraged to quantify the greenhouse gas emissions of proposed projects, noting that they have the freedom to select the models and methodologies that best meet their needs and circumstances. The section also recommends consideration of several qualitative factors that may be used in the determination of significance, such as the extent to which the given project complies with State, regional, or local GHG reduction plans and policies. OPR does not set or dictate specific thresholds of significance. Consistent with existing CEQA Guidelines, OPR encourages local governments to develop and publish their own thresholds of significance for GHG impacts assessment. • When creating their own thresholds of significance, local governments may consider the thresholds of significance adopted or recommended by other public agencies, or recommended by experts. • New amendments include guidelines for determining methods to mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas emissions in Appendix F of the CEQA Guidelines. • OPR states that "to qualify as mitigation, specific measures from an existing plan must be identified and incorporated into the project; general compliance with a plan, by itself, is not mitigation." � OPR emphasizes the advantages of analyzing GHG impacts on an institutional, programmatic level. OPR therefore approves tiering of environmental analyses and highlights some benefits of such an approach. • Environmental impact reports (EIRs) must specifically consider a project's energy use and energy efficiency potential. Senate Bi//s 1078, 107, and X1 Z and Executive Orde�s S-14-OS and S 21-09 Senate Bill 1078 (SB 1078) requires retail sellers of electricity, including investor-owned utilities and community choice aggregators, to provide at least 20 percent of their supply from renewable sources by 2017. Senate Bill 107 (SB 107) later changed (moved-up)the target date to 2010. Executive Order 5-14- 08 was signed in November 2008, and expands the State's Renewable Energy Standard to 33 percent renewable energy by 2020. Executive Order 5-21-09 directed CARB to adopt regulations by July 31, 2010 to enforce 5-14-08. Senate Bill X1-2 codifies the 33 percent renewable energy requirement by 2020. Senate Bi//375 Senate Bill 375 (SB 375) adopted September 2008, aligns regional transportation planning efforts, regional GHG emission reduction targets, and land use and housing allocation. SB 375 requires Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) to adopt a sustainable communities strategy (SCS) or alternate planning strategy (APS) that will prescribe land use allocation in that MPOs regional transportation plan(RTP). CARB, in consultation with each MPO, will provide each affected region with reduction targets for GHGs emitted by passenger cars and light trucks in the region for the (target) years 2020 and 2035. These reduction targets will be updated every eight years but can be updated every four years if advancements in emissions technologies affect the reduction strategies to achieve the targets. CARB is also charged with reviewing each MPO's SCS or APS for consistency with its assigned targets. Page 5.7-10 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions The proposed project is located within the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) area, which has authority to develop the SCS or APS. For the SCAG region, the targets set by CARB are at eight percent below 2005 per capita GHG emissions levels by 2020 and 13 percent below 2005 per capita GHG emissions levels by 2035. On April 4, 2012, SCAG adopted the 2012-2035 Regional Transportation Plan / Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS), which meets the CARB emission reduction requirements. The Housing Element Update is required by the State to be completed within 18 months after RTP/SCS adoption or by October 2013. City and County land use policies, including General Plans,are not required to be consistent with the RTP and associated SCS or APS. However, new provisions of CEQA would incentivize, through streamlining and other provisions, qualified projects that are consistent with an approved SCS or APS, and categorized as"transit priority projects." Ca/ifo�nia Code of Regu/ations(CCRJ Tit/e 24, Pait 6 CCR Title 24, Part 6: California's Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings (Title 24) were first established in 1978 in response to a legislative mandate to reduce California's energy consumption. The standards are updated periodically to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new energy efficiency technologies and methods. Although it was not originally intended to reduce GHG emissions, electricity production by fossil fuels results in GHG emissions and energy efficient buildings require less electricity. Therefore, increased energy efficiency results in decreased GHG emissions. The Energy Commission adopted 2008 Standards on Apri123, 2008 and Building Standards Commission approved them for publication on September 11, 2008. These updates became effective on August 1, 2009. Ca/ifornia Code of Regu/ations(CCRJ Tit/e 24, Part 1� CCR Title 24, Part 11: California Green Building Standards (Title 24) became effective in 2001 in response to continued efforts to reduce GHG emissions associated with energy consumption. CCR Title 24, Part 11 now requires that new buildings reduce water consumption, employ building commissioning to increase building system efficiencies, divert construction waste from landfills, and install low pollutant-emitting finish materials. One focus of CCR Title 24, Part 11 is water conservation measures, which reduce GHG emissions by reducing electrical consumption associated with pumping and treating water. CCR Title 24, Part 11 has approximately 52 nonresidential mandatory measures and an additional 130 provisions for optional use. Some key mandatory measures for commercial occupancies include specified parking for clean air vehicles, a 20 percent reduction of potable water use within buildings, a 50 percent construction waste diversion from landfills,use of building finish materials that emit low levels of volatile organic compounds, and construction of new,nonresidential buildings over 10,000 square feet. Regional The South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) is the agency principally responsible for comprehensive air pollution control in the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB). The SCAQMD is also City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.7-11 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions responsible for GHG emissions for projects where it is the lead agency. However, for other projects in the SCAB where it is not the lead agency, it is limited to providing resources to other lead agencies in order to assist them in determining GHG emission thresholds and GHG reduction measures. In order to assist local agencies with direction on GHG emissions, the SCAQMD organized a working group and adopted Rules 2700,2701, and 2702,which are described below. SCAQMD Stakeho/de�Working Group Since neither CARB nor the OPR has developed GHG emissions threshold, the SCAQMD formed a Warking Group to develop significance thresholds related to GHG emissions. At the September 28, 2010 Working Group meeting, the SCAQMD released its most current version of the draft GHG emissions thresholds, which recommends a tiered approach that provides a quantitative annual thresholds of 3,500 MTCOze for residential uses, 1,400 MTCOZe for commercial uses, and 3,000 MTCOze for mixed uses. An alternative annual threshold of 3,000 MTCOZe for all land use types is also proposed. Ru/es 2700 and 2701 The SCAQMD adopted Rules 2700 and 2701 on December 5, 2008, which establishes the administrative structure for a voluntary program designed to quantify GHG emission reductions. Rule 2701 provides specific protocols for private parties to follow to generate certified GHG emission reductions for projects within the District. Approved protocols include forest projects, urban tree planting, and manure management. The SCAQMD is currently developing additional protocols for other reduction measures. For a GHG emission reduction project to qualify, it must be verified and certified by the SCAQMD Executive Officer, who has 60 days to approve or deny the Plan after submittal. Upon approval of the Plan, the Executive Officer is required to issue a certified receipt of the GHG emission reductions within 90 days. Ru/e 2702 The SCAQMD adopted Rule 2702 on February 6, 2009, which establishes a voluntary air quality investment program from which SCAQMD can collect funds from parties that desire certified GHG emission reductions,pool those funds, and use them to purchase or fund GHG emission reduction projects within two years, unless extended by the Governing Board. Priority will be given to projects that result in co-benefit emission reductions of GHG emissions and criteria or toxic air pollutants within environmental justice areas. Further, this voluntary program may compete with the cap-and-trade program identified for implementation in CARB's Scoping Plan, or a Federal cap and trade program. Ru/e 3002 The SCAQMD amended Rule 3002 on November 5, 2010 to include that facilities that emit greater than 100,000 tons per year of COZe are required to apply for a Title V permit by July l, 201 l. A Title V permit is for facilities that are considered major sources of emissions. Local Local jurisdictions, such as the City, have the authority and responsibility to reduce GHG emissions through their police power and decision-making authority. Specifically, the City is responsible for the Page 5.7-12 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions assessment and mitigation of GHG emissions resulting from its land use decisions. In accordance with CEQA requirements and the CEQA review process, the City assesses the global climate change potential of new development projects, requires mitigation of potentially significant global climate change impacts by conditioning discretionary permits, and monitors and enforces implementation of such mitigations. In order to meet the State GHG emissions reduction goals, the City has developed the City of Orange Local CEQA Guidelines, April 11, 2006, and the Greenhouse Gas Emission (GHG) Analysis —Interim Guidance Memo (GHG Interim Guidance Memo), September 30, 2008. The GHG Interim Guidance Memo provides a GHG emission significance threshold of 10,000 metric tons of CO2e (MTCO2e) per year to determine the significance of an individual project's contribution to the global GHG emissions environment. This threshold has also been utilized and adopted as an interim GHG emission threshold in the Orange General Plan Program Environmental Impact Report, March 2010. This threshold is defined as interim since it shall be preempted when the SCAQMD adopts GHG emissions thresholds for all projects. Currently, SCAQMD has only adopted a GHG emission threshold of 10,000 MTCOZe far industrial projects where SCAQMD is the lead agency. 5.7.4 Significance Thresholds The following thresholds of significance have been established for the evaluation of the proposed project's potential air quality impacts consistent with Appendix G of the State CEQA Guidelines: Threshold GHG-A Would the project generate GHG emissions, either directly or indirectly,that may have a significant impact on the environment? Threshold GHG-B Would the project conflict with any applicable plan, policy or regulation of an agency adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of GHGs? 5.7.5 Evaluation of Potential Project Impacts This section will evaluate whether the proposed project would potentially have a substantial adverse effect on greenhouse gas emissions. This evaluation assumes that the project will be implemented consistent with the Project Description,including all Project Design Features(PDF's). Project Design Features All Project Design Features (PDF's) associated with greenhouse gas emissions are noted below in Table 5.7-2, Project Design Features & Global Climate Change Impact Comparison. The table identifies the PDF's related to each CEQA threshold. The checkmark indicates that the PDF reduces, eliminates, and/or avoids impacts associated with the related threshold. Refer to the threshold analysis for specific details. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.7-13 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Table 5.7-2: Project Design Features &Global Climate Change Impact Comparison CEQA Thresholds' Project Design Features Greenhouse Conflict with Gas Applicable Plans PDF GHG-1 The proposed project will only allow natural x gas only fireplaces in single-family residences and no fireplaces in individual age-qualified housing. PDF GHG-2 The proposed project will apply a minimum of x 5 percent increase in energy efficiency baseline over year 2008 Title 24 Part 6 requirements per the Rio Santiago Specific Plan. If at time of permitting updated Title 24 Part 6 requirements have been adopted, the proposed project will meet these standards. This will be shown on the Title 24 Report for each structure. PDF GHG-3 The proposed project requires the planting of x trees and vegetation near structures to shade buildings and reduce energy requirements for heating/cooling, as well as reduce overall project pavement areas. PDF GHG-4 The proposed project will provide electrical x conduit from the main panel to an electrical box in each garage in order to provide for a future hookup for charging electric vehicles. � X-indicates that the PDF reduces,eliminates,and/or avoids impacts associated with the related threshold. Refer to the threshold analysis for specific details. Source:KTGY and Vista Community Planners(Visra). Greenhouse Gas Threshold GCC-A Would the project generate GHG emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment? [CEQA Greenhouse Gas Emissions Threshold VII(a)] The proposed project would consist of a public natural open space area on approximately 50 acres; a private recreation areas on approximately 10 acres with an 81,000 square foot recreation center and outdoor recreational uses; an age-qualified residential area on 16 acres with 45 detached homes, 160 attached homes, and 60 units of assisted living; and, a single-family residential area on approximately 34 acres with up to 130 single-family homes. There is also approximately 2.01 acres off-site that is adjacent to the eastern side of the single-family residential community that will be graded with the residential community. The proposed project includes PDF GHG-3 and PDF GHG-4 to potentially reduce the projects overall emissions. The proposed project is anticipated to generate GHG emissions from area sources, energy usage, mobile sources, waste, water, and construction equipment. The CaIEEMod Version 2011.1.1 model run for the Air Quality Impact Analysis Rio Santiago Project, (Air Quality Analysis) prepared by Vista Page 5.7-14 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Environmental, February 13, 2012, was used to calculate the GHG emissions from the proposed project. The CaIEEMod program was utilized since it is the SCAQMD's preferred model for calculating criteria pollutant and GHG emissions, and provides a more complete analysis of GHG emissions, since it includes CH4 and N20 emissions and additional sources of GHG emissions such as the transport of water and emissions from landfills. The land uses in the model were based off of the project description. Please note that the Appendix B, Air Quality Analysis and Appendix H, Global Climate Change Analysis used the exact acreage off the Figure 3-4, Tentative Tract Map. The proposed project would create GHG emissions from construction activities and from on-going operational activities,which have been analyzed separately below. Project Construction-Related GHG Emissions The phases of construction activities which have been analyzed in the CaIEEMod Model are: 1) grading, 2)trenching, 3)building construction,4)paving, and 5) application of architectural coatings. Grading The project site is presently being backfilled in order to restore the previously mined portions of the project site. This is a permitted land use that started on February 1, 2010 and will occur on the project site until City approved grades are achieved. During the backfilling operation approximately 2,248,200 cubic yards of material will be over excavated and a total of 1,100,000 cubic yards will be imported to the site over a 4.4 year period. Although the present, approved,backfilling operation is separate and distinct from the proposed project, some of this grading would have to occur to construct the proposed project. As a practical result, from the date of project approval, the backfilling and grading will become project site preparation activities and, as such, are analyzed as part of the construction phase of the project. In order to provide a worst-case analysis all of the backfilling operations have been analyzed in the grading phase of the proposed project. The grading phase was modeled as occurring over 4.4 years. Since the backfilling operation is on-going, the construction equipment estimates have been based on what is actually being presently used, which is shown below in Table 5.7-3, Grading Equipment. The grading activities are anticipated to require a total of 137,500 haul trips, 20 miles in length. The SCAQMD has identified a bug in the fugitive dust calculations for on-road travel in the CaIEEMod model. The CaIEEMod program calculates fugitive dust for on-road travel for all days identified in the haul period as if it would occur on one day. To correct for this, SCAQMD recommends that the total emissions for on-road haul fugitive dust be divided by the total number of haul days. The project import of 1,100,000 cubic yards of material is anticipated to occur over 1,176 days. The CaIEEMod program estimated the PM10 from off-site hauling is 3,199.59 pounds, which results in 2.72 pounds of PM10 per day from off-site hauling activities. Therefore, grading activities would also require up to 25 worker trips per day. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.7-15 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Table 5.7-3—Grading Equipment Operating E ui ment T e CaIEEMod E uivalent Number Tier Hours er Da John Deere 450J Dozer Rubber Tired Dozer 1 3 8 Cat 420D Backhoe Tractor/Loader/Backhoe 1 3 8 Cat 651 B Scrapper Scrapper 2 3 8 Cat D8 Dozer Crawler Tractor 1 2 8 Cat 627 Scrapper Scrapper 2 1 8 Water Truck Off-Highway Trucks 1 1 2 Cat 980C Loader Rubber Tired Loader 1 0 8 Cat 824C Compactor Roller 1 0 8 Cat 631C Water Pull Other Construction Equipment 1 0 2 Caterpillar 623B Water Pull Other Construction Equipment 1 0 2 Concrete Crusher Crushing/Proc.Equipment 1 0 4 Source:Appendix H,Global Climate Change Analysis. Trenching The trenching for utilities would occur after the completion of the grading phase. The trenching activities would occur over one month and would consist of two excavators and two of either a tractor, loader, and/or backhoe. Bui/ding Construction The building construction would occur after the completion of the trenching phase. In order to provide a worst-case analysis the single-family homes, the age-targeted residential uses, and the recreational uses were analyzed as being built concurrently over a 2.5 year period. The building construction phase was modeled based on the construction of 130 single-family homes on 28.85 acres, 45 detached senior adult homes (villas) on 5.41 acres, 160 attached senior homes on three acres, and 60 units of assisted living senior housing on one acre, and an 81,000 square foot recreation center. The building construction would require up to 527 worker trips and 161 vendor trips per day. The on-site equipment would consist of one crane, three forklifts, one generator set, one welder, and three of either a tractor, loader, and/or backhoe. Pa ving The paving would occur after the completion of the building construction phase. The paving phase was modeled based on the paving of the on-site roads and parking lots. The paving activities would occur over two months and would require up to 15 worker trips per day. The on- site equipment would consist of two pavers, two paving equipment, and two rollers. Architectu�a/Coating The application of architectural coatings would occur after the completion of the paving phase. The architectural coating phase was modeled based on the default square footage coverage provided in the CaIEEMod model for a project of this size of 370,575 square feet of exterior area and 1,111,725 square feet of interior area. The architectural coating phase would occur over three months and would require up to 105 worker trips per day. The on-site equipment would consist of one air compressor. Page 5.7-16 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Project Construction/mpacts The construction-related GHG emissions for each year that construction activities are anticipated to occur are shown below in Table 5.7-4,Project Construction Greenhouse Gas Annual Emissions. Table 5.7-4: Project Construction Greenhouse Gas Annual Emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions Metric Tons er Year Construction Year Bio-COZ NonBio-COZ Total COZ CH4 NZO COZe 2010 0.00 2,713.44 2,713.44 0.24 0.00 2,718.47 2011 0.00 2,948.11 2,948.11 0.24 0.00 2,953.24 2012 0.00 2,963.92 2,96392 0.23 0.00 2,968.80 2013 0.00 2,968.38 2,968.38 0.22 0.00 2,972.95 2014 0.00 3,063.67 3,063.67 0.21 0.00 3,068.01 2015 0.00 1,900.71 1,900.71 0.11 0.00 1,902.93 2016 0.00 1,671.44 1,671.44 0.09 0.00 1,673.24 2017 0.00 458.13 458.13 0.03 0.00 458.69 City Threshold 10,000 ' COze=Carbon dioxide equivalent.It is the global warming potential value of all GHGs.The weighted values are shown in Table 5.7-1, Global Warming Potentials and Atmospheric Lifetimes. Source:Appendix H, Global Climate Change Analysis. The data provided in Table 5.7-4, Project Construction Greenhouse Gas Annual Emissions, shows that the maximum GHG emissions from construction activities would occur in the year 2014, when the project would create 3,068.01 metric tons of GHG emissions. This is within the City's 10,000 metric tons per year significance threshold. Therefore, GHG emissions from construction activities associated with the proposed project would be less than significant and no mitigation measures would be required. Project Operations-Related GHG Emissions The proposed project is anticipated to generate GHG emissions from area sources, energy usage, mobile sources, waste, water, and construction equipment. The year 2017 was analyzed, since that is the proposed project's anticipated opening year. Each source of GHG emissions is described in greater detail below. Area Sources Area sources include emissions from architectural coatings, consumer products, hearths, and landscape equipment. In order to account for SCAQMD Rule 445, the CaIEEMod model analyzed natural gas only fireplaces (PDF GHG-1) for the 130 single-family homes and no fireplaces for the age-qualified housing. No other changes were made to the CaIEEMod default area source emissions. Energy Usage Energy usage includes emissions from the electricity and natural gas used on-site. The energy usage was based on the CaIEEMod default emissions for the proposed age-qualified and single-family residential development and the 81,000 square foot recreation center. The CaIEEMod model also accounted for the City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.7-17 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions energy conservation requirements as stated in PDF GHG-2, and applied a minimum 5 percent increase in efficiency over year 2008 Title 24 Part 6 requirements. Mobi/e Sources Mobile sources include emissions from the additional vehicle miles generated from the proposed project. The trip generation rates were obtained from the Draft Traffic Impact Analysis Rio Santiago (Traffic Impact Analysis), prepared by Vista Environmental, August 29, 2011, into the CaIEEMod Model. The Traffic Impact Analysis found that the proposed project would create 4,257 trips per day. Since the proposed project consists of residential and recreational uses, the vehicle mix in the CaIEEMod model was adjusted so that only a nominal number of truck trips would be generated from the proposed project. The CaIEEMod model accounted for the project being an infill project that would increase the density by 3.6 dwelling units per acre and would improve the pedestrian netwark on the project site and connect to off-site existing sidewalks and trails. So/id Waste Waste includes the GHG emissions associated with disposal of solid waste from the proposed project into landfills. The solid waste generation was based on rates in Table 5.17-8, Project Solid Waste Production of this Draft EIR, which found that Planning Area B would generate 461.2 tons per year, Planning Area C would generate 310.5 tons per year, and Planning Area D would generate 265.2 tons per year and the entire project would generate 1,036.7 tons per year. All other emission factors were based on the default emission levels in the CaIEEMod model. Wate�and Wastewate� Water includes the GHG emissions from the treatment of water and conveyance of water to the project site. The interior water usage for the proposed project was based on the CaIEEMod default water usage rates for a project of this size of 63,569,182 gallons per year. In order to account for the California Green Building Code water conservation requirements, the use of low flow fixtures and toilets were included in the model. PDF USS-2, which requires low growing vegetation to be used in parkways rather than turf, was accounted for through providing a 10 percent reduction in turf area. PDF USS-3, which requires high-efficiency low-flow drip irrigation system to be used to reduce the demand for domestic water supply, was also accounted for by including the use of water efficient irrigation systems in the model. No wastewater from the proposed project is anticipated to be treated in septic, the aerobic treatment of wastewater was increased to off-set the default septic tank rate. Construction It is possible that the last year of construction activities could overlap with the operation of part or the entire project. In order to provide a worst-case analysis, the year 2017 GHG construction emissions have been included with the operational GHG emissions analysis. Page 5.7-18 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Project Ope�ationa//mpacts The project's operational GHG emissions have been calculated with CaIEEMod model based on the parameters detailed above. A summary of the results are shown in Table 5.7-5, Project Operational Greenhouse Gas Annual Emissions. The data provided in Table 5.7-5, Project Operational Greenhouse Gas Annual Emissions shows that the proposed project would create 7,531.26 metric tons per year of GHG emissions. This is within the City's 10,000 metric tons per year significance threshold. Therefore, the proposed project's generation of GHG emissions would be less than significant and no mitigation measures would be required. Table 5.7-5: Project Operational Greenhouse Gas Annual Emissions Greenhouse Gas Emissions Metric Tons er Year NonBio- Total COZ CH4 NZO COZe Cate o Bio-COZ COZ Area Sources 0.00 224.15 224.15 0.01 0.00 225.66 Energy Usage 0.00 1,459.72 1,459.72 0.05 0.03 1,468.75 Mobile Sources 0.00 4,704.62 4,704.62 0.18 0.00 4,708.39 Solid Waste 210.48 0.00 210.48 12.44 0.00 471.70 Water and Wastewater 0.00 184.74 184.74 0.25 0.03 198.07 Construction 0.00 458.13 458.13 0.03 0.00 458.69 Total Emissions 210.48 7,031.36 7,241.84 12.96 0.06 7,531.26 City Threshold 10,000 'Area sources consist of GHG emissions from hearths,consumer products,architectural coatings,and landscaping equipment. z Energy usage consist of GHG emissions from electricity and natural gas usage(non-bearth). 'Mobile sources consist of GHG emissions from vehicles. °Waste includes the COZ and CHq emissions created from the solid waste placed in landfills. 5 Water includes GHG emissions from electricity used for transport of water and processing of wastewater. 6 Provides for a worst-case anal sis where tbe last ear(2017)construction emissions occur concurrentl witb o erational GHG emissions. Source:Appendix H,Global Climate Change Analysis. Level of Significance The proposed project's generation of GHG emissions would be less than significant and no mitigation measures would be required. Conflict with Applicable Plan(s) Threshold GCC-B Would the project conflict with any applicable plan, policy or regulation of an agency adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of GHGs? [CEQA Greenhouse Gas Emissions Threshold VII(b)] The proposed project would not conflict with any applicable plan, policy or regulation of an agency adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. The City has adopted an interim policy for GHG emissions that is provided in the GHG Interim Guidance Memorandum and defines a project as significant if it emits more than 10,000 MTCOze per year. This threshold is defined as interim since it shall be preempted when the SCAQMD adopts GHG emissions thresholds for all projects. Currently, SCAQMD has only adopted a GHG emission threshold of 10,000 MTCOZe for industrial projects where SCAQMD is the lead agency. Since the SCAQMD's threshold does not apply to City of Orange-Draft EIR-May 2013 Page 5.7-19 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions residential or commercial sectors at this time, the City's significance threshold is more conservative because it encompasses emissions from all land use types of projects. The City selected this threshold because it requires mitigation of large development projects that have the greatest impacts to global warming and the greatest potential for implementing mitigation at a broad scale, while recognizing that infill projects are not likely to contribute "cumulatively considerable" emissions and are not the focus of future substantial GHG reductions. The above threshold found that the proposed project would generate 7,531.26 MTCOZe per year, which is within the City's 10,000 MTCOZe threshold. The proposed project would not conflict with any applicable plan, policy or regulation of an agency adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. Therefore, no impact would occur from GHG emissions and no mitigation measures would be required. Secondary Effects The proposed project may be impacted by the secondary effects of global climate change due to a rise in sea levels, flooding,wildfires, and a reduction in the water supply. Rise in Sea Leve/s The proposed project is located approximately 400 feet above sea level and approximately 12 miles from the ocean. At this level and distance from the ocean, it is unlikely the proposed project would be - threatened from rising sea waters. Therefore, a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. F/ooding Santiago Creek runs through the length of the project site in an approximately east to west direction. The risk of flooding to the proposed project has been analyzed in 5.9, Hydrology and Water Quality and the risk of soil erosion from flooding has been analyzed in Section 5.6, Geology and Soils of the this EIR. Section 5.9, Hydrology and Water Quality found that through implementation of the proposed grading plan, which includes construction of a trail on the south side of Santiago Creek adjacent to the proposed residential development areas, the trail would stabilize the upper edge of the Santiago Creek bank and would be constructed in a manner so that no erosive effects of surface flow overtopping the bank would occur. The locations of the proposed flood sensitive residential and recreation center uses would also be raised in elevation through the import of fill in order to reduce the risk of flooding. Additionally, Section 5.6, Geology and Soils found through implementation of PDF GEO-1, PDF GEO-2, PDF GEO-5, and PDF GEO-6, would provide additional project design features that would limit the amount of erosion from the southern creek bank from reaching the proposed flood sensitive residential and recreational center areas. Therefore, a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Wi/dfi�es The proposed project is an infill development, however the project site is in a very high fire hazard severity zone and would have the potential to expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, Page 5.7-20 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions injury, or death involving wildland fires. The risk to wildfires has been analyzed in Section 5.8,Hazards- Hazardous Materials of the DEIR, which provides PDF HAZ-1 through PDF HAZ-7 to reduce this potential impact to a less than significant level by the provision of fuel modification zones designed, installed, and maintained in order to meet all requirements outlined in the Guideline for Fuel Modification Plans and Maintenance Program as adopted in the City Municipal Code and set forth in the California Fire Code and City Fire Department's guidelines. All new construction will comply with Chapter 47 and 7A of the California Fire and Building Codes for local agency very high fire hazard severity zones unless otherwise approved by the City of Orange Fire Department. Project landscaping will consist of plants from the approved fuel modification planting list. Fuel modification plans will be checked and approved by the City Fire Department during the time of which any other proposed fire protection systems are reviewed. A Fire Master Plan will be required during the Major Site Plan review process for the proposed project. City Fire staff will review the design and will require emergency vehicle access, per City Fire Department standards, to the Santiago Creek area. Additionally, a water infrastructure plan for fire-fighter purposes will be required. Through implementation of PDF HAZ-1 through PDF HAZ-7, the proposed project would not be impacted by an increase in the frequency or intensity of wildfires. A less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Wate�Supp/y Water for the proposed project would be provided by the City of Orange Water Department. The proposed project is anticipated to use 57,134,094 gallons per year or 175 acre feet per year. The City performed a Water Supply Assessment (WSA) for a previous project on the project site and found the previous project would have a demand of 284 acre feet per year. Based on this information the proposed project would require 109 acre-feet per year less than the previous project. The WSA concluded that current and future sources of potable water supplies are sufficient to meet the projected water demand associated with the previous project, in addition to the City's existing and approved (other) new development uses. The WSA analyses demonstrated that the combination of Orange County Groundwater Basin Supplies and MWD base supply will enable the City to meet the projected 20-year water demand associated with the previous project. Since the proposed project requires 109 acre-feet less than the previous project, it was determined by the City that it has sufficient water supply for the proposed project. Therefore, a less than significant related to the water supply for the proposed project would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to conflicting with any applicable plan, policy or regulation of an agency adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases and no mitigation measures would be required. City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.7-21 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 5.7.6 Evaluation Summary ' Table 5.7-6, Evaluation Summary Table — Global Climate Change, summarizes potentially significant project impacts from this Draft EIR. Table 5.7-6: Evaluation Summary Table—Global Climate Change Threshold Potential Impact Mitigation Measure �evel of Significance Greenhouse Gas Less than significant None required Less than significant Conflict with Applicable Plan(s) Less than significant None required Less than significant Page 5.7-22 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials 5.8.1 Introduction Purpose The purpose of this section is to describe any existing hazards and hazardous materials and potential effects from the project implementation on the proposed site and its surrounding area. This section also identifies mitigation measures to reduce any potentially significant hazards and hazardous materials impacts and describes the residual impact, if any, after imposition of the mitigation. Sources The following sources were used in consideration and discussion of the potential environmental impacts: • Advisory—Active Soil Gas Investigations, Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) and CRWQCB -LA, January 28, 2003. • Assessment of Diesel-Contaminated Soils at the Asphalt Plant, 6145 Santiago Canyon Road, Orange County, CA, The Earth Technology Corporation,April 11, 1986. • City of Orange Municipal Code. • Conceptual Fire Prevention Plan, City of Orange, prepared by Pacific Development Solutions Group, March 6,2013, as provided in Technical Appendix Q, Conceptual Fire Prevention Plan. • Final Report on Sampling and Analysis of Soil in an Excavation Pit at the Orange Asphalt Plant, The Earth Technology Corporation,June 10, 1986. • Final Report on Additional Soil Excavation at the Orange Asphalt Plant, The Earth Technology Corporation,February 18, 1987. • Google, Inc., 2010, Google Earth (Version 6.0.1.2032 (beta)) [Software], available from http://www.google.com/earth/index.html. • Groundwater Characterization Report for Former Underground Fuel Storage Tanks Area, Sully- Miller Contracting Company, Orange, California, Geomatrix Consultants, August 7, 1998. • Interim Final Guidance for the Evaluation and Mitigation of Subsurface Yapor Intrusion to Indoor Air, DTSC, December 15,2004,revised February 7, 2005. • Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, Rio Santiago Specific Plan Project Site, 6118 East Santiago Canyon Road, Orange, Orange County, California, Michael Brandman Associates (MBA), August 6, 2009 as provided in Technical Appendix I, Environmental Site Assessment Reports,to this Draft EIR. City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.8-1 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials • Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, 6145 and 6146 Santiago Canyon Road, Orange, California, prepared by Geomatrix Consultants, August 2000. • Report of Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Activities Conducted at Rio Santiago Project Site, 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road, Orange, California, Tait Environmental Services, May 16, 2011 as provided in Technical Appendix I, Environmental Site Assessment Reports, to this Draft EIR. • Response to City of Orange Environmental Comments Regarding Rio Santiago Specific Plan Project Located at 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road in Orange, California, Tait Environmental Services, June 7, 2010 as provided in Technical Appendix I, Environmental Site Assessment Reports,to this Draft EIR. • Response to City of Orange Environmental Comments Regarding Rio Santiago Specific Plan Project Site Located at 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road in Orange, California, Tait Environmental Services, July 28, 2010 as provided in Technical Appendix I, Environmental Site Assessment Reports,to this Draft EIR. • Screening for Environmental Concerns at Sites with Contaminated Soil and Groundwater, California Regional Water Quality Control Board — San Francisco Bay Region, Interim Final — November 2007. • Site Closure Report, Sully-Miller Contracting Company, Orange, California, Geomatrix Consultants, March 6, 1997. • Underground Storage Tank Closure Report, Sully-Miller Contracting Company, Orange, Geomatrix Consultants, California, January 2, 1996. • Use of Human Health Screening Levels (CHHSLs) in Evaluation of Contaminated Properties, California Environmental Protection Agency,January 2005. • User's Guide (Regional Screening Levels), http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risWhuman/rb- concentration_table/usersguide.htm, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), November 2010. • Work Plan Describing Proposed Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Activities to Address Data Gaps Identified in City of Orange Environmental Comments Regarding Rio Santiago Specific Plan Project Site Located at 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road in Orange, California, Tait Environmental Services, Januaryl2, 2011 as provided in Technical Appendix I, Environmental Site Assessment Reports, to this Draft EIR. • www.tollfreeairline.com/california/orange.htm. Page 5.8-2 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials � Comments received during the public review period and at the scoping meetings. These comments are contained in Appendix A,Public Participation Process. 5.8.2 Existing Environmental Setting Current Land Use The project site existing land use includes vacant land, materials recycling (i.e., asphalt and concrete crushing), and a backfilling operation. The latter two uses are generally described below. No other land use presently occurs on the project site Materia/s Recyc/ing Approximately five acres in the southeastern portion of the project site are used as a materials recycling area. This area includes apparatus far the crushing of boulders, bricks, rocks, etc. for recycling. The materials recycling area additionally includes operations that provide far the cement treatment of base materials. Material for this operation originates primarily from off-site sources. Access to the materials recycling area is from a controlled entrance along East Santiago Canyon Road. Materials generated by this operation have historically been used on and transported off the project site. The materials generated by this operation at issuance of the NOP were being taken off-site. Materials recycling will continue on the project site through the construction of the proposed project until Planning Area D is developed. Backfi//ing Operation To restore previously mined portions of the site (south of Santiago Creek), a portion of the project site is presently being backfilled as a permitted land use. The existing backfill operation is not a permanent use. The project site is presently being backfilled in sequentially defined phases. The project site is being over excavated(i.e., removal of unsuitable materials)and filled in the present backfill operation. The applicant has indicated that additional grading permit(s) will be requested from the City to complete backfilling of all previously mined portions of the project site. As previously noted,the project site was used from 1919 to 1995 for surface mining of sand, gravel, and other aggregates. Previously mined portions of the project site were used for residue silt deposition, otherwise known as silt ponds. The backfilling operation addresses both mined and silt pond areas. This approved, on-going backfill operation currently is separate and distinct from the proposed project. However, most of this grading would have to occur to construct the proposed project. Therefore, as a practical result, from the date of project approval the backfilling and grading will become project site preparation activities and, as such, are analyzed as part of the construction phase of the project. Potential Hazards A Phase I Environmental Site Assessment for the project site was conducted by Geomatrix. (Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, 6145 and 6146 Santiago Canyon Road, Orange, California, August 2000.) An additional Phase I Environmental Site Assessment was conducted by Michael Brandman Associates (MBA). (Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, Rio Santiago Specific Plan Project Site, 6118 East Santiago Canyon Road, Orange, Orange County, California, Michael Brandman Associates City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.8-3 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials (MBA), August 6, 2009.) Under contract to the City for peer review of the DEIR, The Planning Center (TPC) identified data gaps within these two Phase I reports (Phase I Site Assessment Technical Memo, The Planning Center, January 29, 2010). Based on TPC identified data gaps and future project site users' potential human health risk exposures, Tait Environmental Services identified several potential complete exposure pathways where residual hazardous materials in project site soils and/or groundwater that could pose a risk to future project site users. Response to City of Orange Environmental Comments Regarding Rio Santiago Specific Plan Project Located at 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road in Orange, California, Tait Environmental Services, June 7, 2010 and Report of Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Activities Conducted at Rio Santiago Project Site, 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road, Orange, California, Tait Environmental Services, May 16, 2011.) Tait Environmental Services identified the following potential exposure pathways for the project site: 1. Vapor intrusion of Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) into future project site buildings; 2. Ingestion of contaminants in soil; 3. Inhalation of contaminants in air(dust, vapor, gases), including those volatilized or otherwise emitted from groundwater, surface water, and soil; and, 4. Dermal contact with contaminants in water, soil, air, and other media, such as exposed wastes or other contaminated material. Tait Environmental Services determined that all other potential hazards and hazardous materials that may have previously been located on the project site no longer exist, including asbestos. Refer to Appendix I, Environmental Site Assessment Reports, to this Draft EIR for additional information related to hazards and hazardous materials. 5.8.3 Regulatory Setting Federal Resource Conservation and RecoveryAct The 1976 Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA), and the 1984 RCRA Amendments, regulate the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. This legislation mandated that hazardous wastes be tracked from the point of generation to their ultimate fate in the environment. This includes detailed tracking of hazardous materials during transport and permitting of hazardous material handling facilities. The 1984 RCRA amendments provided the framework for a regulatory program designed to prevent releases from Underground Storage Tank (USTs). The program establishes tank and leak detection standards, including spill and overflow protection devices for new tanks. The tanks must also meet performance standards to ensure that the stored material would not corrode the tanks. Owners and operators of USTs had until December 1998 to meet the new tank standards. As of 2001, an estimated 85 percent of all USTs were in compliance with the required standard. Page 5.8-4 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials Comprehensive Environmenta/Response, Compensation and Liabi/ityAct The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 introduced active Federal involvement to emergency response, site remediation, and spill prevention, most notably with the Superfund program. The Act was intended to be comprehensive in encompassing both the prevention of, and response to, uncontrolled hazardous substances releases. The Act deals with environmental response, providing mechanisms for reacting to emergencies and chronic hazardous material releases. In addition to establishing procedures to prevent and remedy problems, it establishes a system for compensating appropriate individuals and assigning appropriate liability. It is designed to plan for, and respond to, failure in other regulatory programs and to remedy problems resulting from action taken before the era of comprehensive regulatory protection. State Ca/ifo�nia Hea/th and Safety Code The California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established rules governing the use of hazardous materials and the management of hazardous wastes. California Health and Safety Code Sections 25531, et seq. incorporates the requirement of Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act and the Clean Air Act as they pertain to hazardous materials. Health and Safety Code Section 25534 directs facility owners storing or handling acutely hazardous materials in reportable quantities to develop a Risk Management Plan (RMP). The RMP must be submitted to the appropriate local authorities, the designated local administering agency, and the EPA far review and approval. Tianspo�t of Hazardous Materia/s Transportation of hazardous materials is regulated by California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), the California Highway Patrol (CHP), and Orange County Fire Authority(OCFA), which is supported by the City Fire Department. Drivers must have a hazardous materials endorsement to operate a commercial vehicle carrying hazardous materials, including explosives. During the transport of materials, a route map must be maintained that indicates safe routing and safe stopping places along the route. California Fire Code Article 77 states that a permit from the local fire department must be obtained far both the storage and use of explosive materials. In addition, the responsible party must file a $100,000 corporate surety bond or have (other)public liability insurance for the same amount. Section 7703 of the California Fire Code (CFC) describes requirements for use, handling, and transportation of explosive materials. Local County of Orange The County of Orange Environmental Health Division Certified Unified Program Agency coordinates six programs regulating hazardous materials and waste. The programs include: management of hazardous waste, underground storage tanks, aboveground storage tanks, hazardous materials disclosure, business plan, and California accidental release. County and city fire agencies within the County have joined the Certified Unified Program Agency as participating agencies(County of Orange 2004). City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.8-5 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials City of O�ange Genera/P/an The City General Plan establishes policies related to hazards and hazardous materials. Please refer to Section 5.10,Land Use and Planning for a complete list the of City's policies and goals. City of O�ange Municipa/Code City Municipal Code Title 15, Chapter 36 sets forth requirements regarding the adoption of California Fire and Building Code, based on the International Fire and Building Codes. More specifically, Section 1603 of the Code sets forth building restrictions for developments located in high hazard areas; those restrictions include fire-resistant protection of exterior walls and openings, fire-retardant roofs, and unenclosed underfloor areas(with allowable exceptions). Orange Fi�e Department The City recognizes that the handling, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste and hazardous materials pose a risk to the public and service providers. To reduce the risks associated with the use and handling of these materials, the City uses the criteria developed by the County Hazardous Materials Service Section for its own program. The City Fire Department provides oversight in the planning process by providing a Department representative during the environmental review process. Additionally, the City supports the efforts of the Department to enforce state "Right-to Know" laws, which require disclosure of information to the public regarding use, storage, and transport of hazardous materials. (Ridgeline Equestrian Estates EIR, City of Orange,June 2011.) 5.8.4 Significance Thresholds The following thresholds of significance have been established for the evaluation of the proposed project's potential hazards and hazardous materials impacts consistent with Appendix G of the State CEQA Guidelines: Threshold HAZ-A Would the proposed project create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials? Threshold HAZ-B Would the proposed project create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment? Threshold HAZ-C Would the proposed project emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous materials, substances, or waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school? Threshold HAZ-D Would the proposed project be located on a site which is included on a list of hazardous materials sites compiled pursuant to Government Code Section 65962.5 and, as a result, would it create a significant hazard to the public or the environment? Page 5.8-6 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials Threshold HAZ-E For a proposed project located within an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport,would the proposed project result in a safety hazard for people residing or working in the proposed project area? Threshold HAZ-F For a proposed project within the vicinity of a private airstrip, would the proposed project result in a safety hazard for people residing or working in the proposed project area? Threshold HAZ-G Would the proposed project impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan? Threshold HAZ-H Would the proposed project expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury or death involving wildland fires, including where wildlands are adjacent to urbanized areas or where residences are intermixed with wildlands? 5.8.5 Evaluation of Potential Project Impacts This section will evaluate whether the proposed project would potentially have a substantial adverse effect related to hazards and hazardous materials. This evaluation assumes that the proposed project will be implemented consistent with the Project Description, including all Project Design Features(PDF's). Project Design Features All Project Design Features (PDF's) associated with hazards and hazardous materials are noted below in Table 5.8-1, Project Design Features & Hazards and Hazardous Materials Impact Comparison. The table identifies the PDF's related to each CEQA threshold. 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Q � � >y v, W �.� -� � O � � � U p � pp p � � � � � W � ; O � a� a. a. � cC N cC N b ' N � y � � � � � � Y o � Cl. � � � � O o � � .� d � p 'T�� W � U �cd � N � � � c�C" �.•� � � ^ V- `'-' O 'O a� 'O �.� � .� 4. s"' ,� cC U � r,., � N C � .b � .� N � �f1�i v, p � a� 4, ,b Y a� Ll O >. � �+ c�C � � � � � � .'S".J' C .��, � � 'O � V b�A W c�C � U C O � � � � � <9 a+ 'O � � � 7 ^� .� N 7.� !+. � � � � U Y � � G1 � 6� a� �, a�"i � ,� � � ,� � � _bA� � � a� � y '� �+.. '� � .fl �L� s� v� p..W E-� O �. v� Cs,Q � Ll v� � � � aVi L � � O a � 00 �� v m a [r �o Q x � i,m "�y pj O G v� fp A � +.�'. O 0., Uj U� 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials Routine Transport Threshold HAZ-A Would the proposed project create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials? [CEQA Geology Threshold 8(a)] Short-Term Construction Common materials that would be used during the short-term construction period include paints, solvents, fuels, and lubricants. Typically, a construction team will store fuel in tank(s) on the project site. The tank(s) would be stored in a temporary ditch, lined with visqueen. Visqueen is a polyethylene sheet used to cover or line areas during building construction as per mandatory obligations contained in Titles 8, 22, and 26 of the California Code of Regulations, Chapter 6.95 of the California Health and Safety Code. In the unlikely event small amounts of fuel are spilled they are contained in the ditch thereby preventing contact with and percolation into the ground. Upon completion of the construction phase, these materials would be removed from the site. No petroleum-based products would be stored off-site during the installation of the improvements to East Santiago Canyon Road. Compliance with the mandatory obligations contained in Titles 8, 22, and 26 of the California Code of Regulations, Chapter 6.95 of the California Health and Safety Code, and applicable Federal, State, and local regulations pertaining to hazardous waste materials would result in less than significant impacts related to hazardous waste materials. Therefore, less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Long-Term Operationa/ The proposed project does not propose to store, distribute, or dispose of any hazardous materials other than those materials listed below. No long-term hazardous waste materials would be anticipated to be used in Planning Area A. Common household hazardous waste materials would be used during the long- term operational phase in Planning Areas B, C, and D. Compliance with the mandatory obligations contained in Titles 8, 22, and 26 of the California Code of Regulations, Chapter 6.95 of the California Health and Safety Code, and applicable Federal, State, and local regulations pertaining to hazardous waste materials would result in less than significant impacts related to hazardous waste materials. Therefore, less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Release of Hazardous Materials Threshold HAZ-B Would the proposed project create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment? [CEQA Geology Threshold 8(b)] Short-Term Const�uction Potential impacts could result from ground-clearing and site grading activities associated with preparing the site for development during the short-term construction phase. Tait Environmental Services identified the following potential short-term construction exposure pathways for the project site to include: 1. Page 5.8-10 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials ingestion of contaminants in soil; 2. inhalation of contaminants in air(dust, vapor, gases), including those volatilized or otherwise emitted from groundwater, surface water, and soil; and, 3. dermal contact with contaminants in water, soil, air, and other media, such as exposed wastes or other contaminated material. (Report of Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Activities Conducted at Rio Santiago Project Site, 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road, Orange, California,Tait Environmental Services, May 16, 2011.) Tait Environmental Services collected 14 soil samples in Planning Areas C and D that contained Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon — Motor Oil (TPH-mo) at concentrations that exceeded the respective Environmental Screening Levels (ESL). Nine of these samples also contained Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon—Diesel (TPH-d) at concentrations exceeding the respective ESL. The THPs were recorded in Planning Areas C and D. They are generally associated with former underground storage tanks and maintenance buildings. Tait recommends that remedial actions be taken to address potential soil ingestion and dermal contact risk to future project site users. Tait Environmental Services noted that the need for the remedial actions would need to be based on final surface cover and final grade elevations for the areas of concern. They noted that the potential for remedial action would be reduced when the distance between the detected TPH-impacted soil and the final grade increased. Remedial actions could include excavation and appropriate off-site disposal. Therefore, the following impact would have the potential to occur and mitigation is proposed: Impact HAZ-1: The proposed project could potentially create a short-term significant hazard impact to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment during ground-clearing and site grading activities. MM HAZ-1: Prior to the issuance of any grading permits, the project applicant shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Directors of Public Works and Community Development that remedial actions in accardance with adopted State standards have been taken on-site, or that the excavation and off-site disposal has occurred. Long-Term Operational No long-term operational impacts have been identified in Planning Areas A, B, and D because hazards or hazardous materials identified in these planning areas will be mitigated to a less than significant level with Mitigation Measure HAZ-1. Additionally, the proposed project has been review for asbestos on the project site. Appendix I,Environmental Site Assessment Reports,June 7, 2010 letter from Tait on pages 4 and 5 detail the research on the project site done by Orange County Health Care Agency (OCHCA) regarding asbestos. Sampling was accomplished by OCHCA June 16, 2008. No evidence of asbestos was found and OCHCA closed all cases related to asbestos on the project site. However, should asbestos be found on the project site at a later date, the project applicant would provide asbestos remediation in accordance with EPA, OCHCA, and SCAQMD protocols. Additionally, soils sampling and analysis was accomplished on the project site from April 11, 1986 to May 16, 2011. • The Earth Technology Corporation April 11, 1986 • The Earth Technology Corporation June 10, 1986 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.8-11 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials • Geomatrix Consultants August 2000 • Department of Toxic Substances Control(DTSC)and CRWQCB -LA January 28, 2003 • OCHCA June 16,2008 • Tait Environmental Service, Inc. June 7,2010 • Tait Environmental Service, Inc. Januaryl2, 2011 • Tait Environmental Service, Inc. May 16, 20l 1 Potential long-term operational impacts occurring in Planning Area C include: Vapor intrusion of VOCs into future buildings. (Report of Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Activities Conducted at Rio Santiago Project Site, 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road, Orange, California, Tait Environmental Services, May 16, 2011.) Tait Environmental Services collected one soil vapor sample in Planning Area C that contained Trichloroethene (TCE) at a concentration that could potentially pose a significant human health risk to users of residential buildings located in the area. They recommend that remedial actions needed to be taken to address potential vapor intrusion risks to residential users. Tait Environmental Services noted that the need for the remedial actions would be depend on final surface cover and final grade elevations for the areas of concern. Tait Environmental Services noted that vapor barriers or passive/active venting systems beneath buildings in Planning Area C would eliminate this concern. Remedial actions could include mechanical stripping of TCE-impacted soil in the affected area. Tait Environmental Services collected five soil vapor sample in Planning Area C that contained methane at concentrations below one percent by volume. The possibility exists that this methane could infiltrate buildings in Planning Area C and concentrate in rooms with limited air exchanges. The methane concentration could exceed its lower explosive limit (5% by volume), creating a potentially explosive mixture. Tait Environmental Services noted that the need for the remedial actions would be depend on final surface cover and final grade elevations for the areas of concern. They noted that the potential need for remedial action would be reduced, when the distance between the detected methane-containing soil vapor and the final grade increased. Tait Environmental Services noted that vapor barriers or passive/active venting systems beneath buildings in Planning Area C would eliminate this concern. Remedial actions could include mechanical stripping of TCE-impacted soil in the affected area. Therefore, the following impact would have the potential to occur and mitigation is proposed: Impact HAZ-2: The proposed project could potentially pose a long-term significant human health risk from TCE-impacted soils andlor methane to users of residential buildings located in Planning Area C. MM HAZ-2: Prior to the issuance of any grading permit the project applicant shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Directars of Public Works and Community Development that remedial actions, in accordance with adopted State standards, have been taken on-site or that buildings will include vapor barriers or passive/active venting systems. Page 5.8-12 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials Level of Significance Impact HAZ-1 related to short-term hazards would be reduced to a less than significant impact with the inclusion of Mitigation Measure HAZ-1. Impact HAZ-2 related to long-term health risk would be reduced to a less than significant level with Mitigation Measure HAZ-2. School Threshold HAZ-C Would the proposed project emit hazardous emissions or handle hazardous or acutely hazardous materials, substances, or waste within one-quarter mile of an existing or proposed school? [CEQA Geology Threshold 8(c)] The closest public school to the exterior boundary of the project site is Linda Vista Elementary School, approximately 035 miles to the southwest. Linda Vista Elementary School is located at 6511 Sycamore Glenn Drive, Orange, CA 92869. No additional public schools are proposed within the vicinity of the proposed project site. (Source: Telephone interview, Jayne Lecompte, Administrative Secretary, Facilities and Planning Department, Orange Unified School District, July 21, 2008). Salem Lutheran School is the closest private school to the exterior boundary of the proposed project site, approximately 300 feet to the southeast of the proposed project across East Santiago Canyon Road. Salem Lutheran School is located at 6411 East Frank Lane, Orange, CA 92869-1515. Refer to Section 6.0, Cumulative Impacts, for additional data related to Salem Lutheran School. Oakridge Private School is approximately 0.5 miles away from the project site to the southwest. It is located at 19111 Villa Park Road, Orange, CA 92869. As noted above, the proposed project does not propose to store, distribute, or dispose of any hazardous materials. No long-term hazardous waste materials would be anticipated to be used in Planning Area A. Common household hazardous waste materials would be used during the long-term operational phase in Planning Areas B, C and D. Compliance with the mandatory obligations contained in Titles 8, 22, and 26 of the California Code of Regulations, Chapter 6.95 of the California Health and Safety Code, and applicable Federal, State, and local regulations pertaining to hazardous waste materials would result in less than significant impacts related to hazardous waste materials. The proposed project does not have the potential to emit hazardous materials within one-quarter mile of an existing schooL Therefore, impacts from the use of hazardous materials in proximity to schools would be less than significant and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant hazardous impact related to schools and no mitigation measures would be required. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.8-13 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials Database Lists Threshold HAZ-D Would the proposed project be located on a site which is included on a list of hazardous materials sites compiled pursuant to Government Code Section 65962.5 and, as a result, would it create a significant hazard to the public or the environment? [CEQA Geology Threshold 8(d)] Pursuant to Government Code Section 65962.5, The Hazardous Waste and Substances Sites List has been compiled by California Environmental Project Agencies Department of Toxic Substances Control (CAL EPA DTSC) Hazardous Materials Data Management Program. After review of databases,the project site is not listed and there are no listed sites within 1.00 mile of the project site. Additionally, Tait Environmental Services has reviewed the project site's Cal EPA DTSC databases, Response to City of Orange EnviYonmental Comments Regarding Rio Santiago Specific Plan Project Located at 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road in Orange, California, Tait Environmental Services, June 7, 2010; Response to City of Orange Environmental Comments Regarding Rio Santiago Specific Plan Project Site Located at 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road in Orange, California, Tait Environmental Services, July 28, 2010; and,Report of Phase II Environmental Site Assessment Activities Conducted at Rio Santiago Project Site, 6145 East Santiago Canyon Road, Orange, California, Tait Environmental Services, May 16, 2011. Based on Tait's review of data bases and the subsequent analysis noted above, Tait Environmental Services identified the following potential project site hazards: 1. ingestion of contaminants in soil; 2. inhalation of contaminants in air (dust, vapor, gases), including those volatilized or otherwise emitted from groundwater, surface water, and soil; and, 3. dermal contact with contaminants in water, soil, air, and other media, such as exposed wastes or other contaminated material; and, 4. vapor intrusion of VOCs into future buildings. Therefore, Impacts HAZ-1 and HAZ-2 described above would have the potential to occur and Mitigation Measures HAZ-1 and HAZ-2 are proposed to create a less than significant impact. Level of Significance Impact HAZ-1 and HAZ-2, related to the short-term and long-term hazardous on the site are reduced to less than significant levels with the inclusion of Mitigation Measures HAZ-1 and HAZ-2. Airports and Airport Land Use Plans Threshold HAZ-E For a proposed project located within an airport land use plan or,where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the proposed project result in a safety hazard for people residing or working in the proposed project area? [CEQA Geology Threshold 8(e)] The City General Plan indicates that potential hazards related to aircraft traffic include excessive noise and aircraft accidents (pages PS-5 and PS-6). The following public safety goals and policies have been adopted in the City General Plan: GOAL 5.0: Reduce safety hazards associated with civilian, military, and medical air traffic. Page 5.8-14 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials Policy 5.1: Work with the Federal Aviation Administration,the Orange County Airport Land Use Commission, California Department of Transportation, and other agencies to establish aircraft corridors which minimize the exposure of Orange residents to air traffic hazards. Policy 5.2: Work with majar medical institutions to minimize the impact of helicopter and airplane traffic on Orange residents(page PS-6). Refer to Section 5.10, Land Use and Planning, for the proposed projects consistency with adopted goals and policies. The project site is not located within an adopted airport land use plan or within two miles of a public airport or public use airport. Additionally, the project site is not located within any airport crash zones. The City General Plan identifies John Wayne Airport in Santa Ana, U.S. Army Airfield operations based in Los Alamitos, and helicopters serving various medical institutions in the City as generating high volumes of commercial and military aircraft traffic above the City. These air traffic volumes have the potential to result in accidents and could result in injury and structural damage to residents, homes, employees and businesses in City. The closest general public airport is the John Wayne Airport (JWA) located approximately 10.0 miles from the proposed project site and the closest municipal public (general aviation) airport is the Fullerton Municipal Airport(FMA) located approximately 12.1 miles from the proposed project site. Base on these distances, the proposed project does not have the potential to expose people working or residing on the project site to airport-related safety hazards. Therefore, no impacts would occur and no mitigation measures would be reyuired. Level of Significance The proposed project would have no impact related to airports and airport land use plans and no mitigation measures would be required. Private Airstrips Threshold HAZ-F For a proposed project within the vicinity of a private airstrip, would the proposed project result in a safety hazard for people residing or working in the proposed project area? [CEQA Geology Threshold 8(fl] City policies related to private airstrips are noted above. Refer to Section 5.10, Land Use and Planning, for the proposed projects consistency with adopted goals and policies. The proposed project site is not within the vicinity of a private airstrip or heliport. There are no private airstrips in the City. Listed private heliports in the City include: CHOC Heliport - 4CA5; Sec Serrano Substation Heliport - CL55; and, UCI Medical Center Heliport - 1CL4. (www.tollfreeairline.com/californicz/orange.htm) Each of these private facilities is at significant distance to the proposed project site. The proposed project does not have the potential to expose people working City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.8-15 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials or residing on the proposed project site to any airport-related safety hazards. Therefore, no impacts would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have no impact related to a private airstrip or heliport and no mitigation measures would be required. Emergency Evacuation Plan Threshold HAZ-G Would the proposed project impair implementation of or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan? [CEQA Geology Threshold 8(g)] There are no evacuation corridors on or adjacent to the proposed project site depicted on City of Orange General Plan Figure PS-4, Generalized Evacuation Corridors. The nearest evacuation corridor to the proposed project site is Hewes Street accessed via East Santiago Canyon Road west of Cannon Street. The City General Plan indicates that all City arterials are recognized as primary emergency response routes. In addition, non-arterials can be secondary emergency response routes. The City's Residential Neighborhood Traffic Management Program, identifies traffic management and traffic calming tools, and specifies that emergency vehicle access should be accommodated consistent with response standards with implementation of appropriate traffic management measures. If an emergency situation, the proposed project could be occupied by residents and visitors to each Planning Area. Overall the project site occupants and visitors would have the ability to evacuate based on the capacities of the City's circulation system and the design features of the proposed project. Additionally the City's General Plan leaves evacuation to whatever means necessary. East Santiago Canyon Road will be the primary vehicle exit option for many of the existing homes in the area of the project site. The proposed project will add additional traffic to East Santiago Canyon Road. Section 5.17, Transportation and Traffic, Threshold TRA-E demonstrated that the project proposed would have a less than significant impact related to emergency access. Implementation of the proposed project does not have the potential to impair implementation of, or physically interfere with, an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan. Additionally, PDF HAZ-8 requires that the individual Planning Areas have Emergency Evacuation Plans (EEP). According to the project design feature, these plans are subject to review,revision, and approval every five years from the City. It would be anticipated that Planning Area A would have no occupants and limited visitors utilizing the open spaces areas and the multi-purpose trail system. Planning Area A uses would not impair implementation or physically interfere with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan. Very limited evacuation of the project site would occur in Planning Area A. Planning Areas B, C, and D would primarily evacuate the project site to East Santiago Canyon Road. Project design features identified in Section 5.14-16, Transportation and Traffic, including PDF TRA-1, PDF TRA-5 — PDF TRA-8, PDF TRA-10, PDF TRA-15, and PDF TRA-16 provide a circulation system whereby project site occupants and visitors would have the ability to evacuate based on the capacities of Page 5.8-16 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials the City's circulation system. These project design features require the dedication and improvement of right-of-way to East Santiago Canyon Road;the provision of direct access to signalized intersections from the project site; the provision of two new signalized intersections,the provision of two emergency vehicle access points; an internal pedestrian system; private streets that meet City Standards; and, public transit, bicycle, and pedestrian facilities that meet or exceed all City Standards. Additionally, with the inclusion of Mitigation Measure TRA— 1, related to intersections in 2017; the implementation of Mitigation Measure TRA-2, related to roadway segments; and, the inclusion of Mitigation Measure TRA—3, related to intersections in 2030, all transportation and traffic impacts of the proposed project would be reduced to a less than significant level. Less than significant transportation and traffic impacts would occur and implementation of the proposed project does not have the potential to impair implementation of, or physically interfere with, an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan. Therefore, less than significant impacts would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan and no mitigation measures would be required. Wildfires Threshold HAZ-H Would the proposed project expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury or death involving wildland fires, including where wildlands are adjacent to urbanized areas or where residences are intermixed with wildlands? [CEQA Geology Threshold 8(h)] Within the City, wildfire threat is generally managed by fuel modification and weed abatement. Fuel modification is the progressive thinning and irrigation of selected vegetation to form increasingly fire resistant vegetation as brush fires approach buildings. The City requires all developments bordering the wildland-urban interface to implement fuel modification and weed abatement. The City has determined that compliance with weed abatement standards provides defensible space between structures and dead brush, grasses, and other vegetation. Weed abatement inspections for required clearance are performed twice a year. (City General Plan, Page PS-23) Fuel modification is defined by controlling the types, density, and moisture content of plants. It consists of a strip of land where combustible vegetation has been removed and/or modified in order to provide a reasonable level of protection to structures from wildland fires. The intent of fuel modification zones is to create breaks between wildland areas and structures (specifically homes). The proposed project site is in a Climate and Topographic High Fire Hazard Zone as defined in O.M.C. Section 15.36.010. The project applicant has submitted a conceptual fuel modification plan to the City Fire Department. Review of the fuel modification plan is occurring presently. Figure 5.8-1, Conceptual Fuel Modification Plan for the proposed project has been approved by the City Fire Department and will be subject to review of sub(evel detailed plans for each planning area prior to issuance of building permits(PDF HAZ-5). 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The City requires that any proposed development located within or adjacent to the identified wildland fire area must prepare and implement a comprehensive fuel modification program in accordance with City regulations. The City will review new developments and fire services to ensure adeyuate emergency services and facilities to residents and businesses. (City General Plan, Page PS-19) However, based on the City General Plan designation, the proposed project would have the potential to expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildland fires. PDF HAZ-1 through PDF HAZ-7 reduce this potential impact to a less than significant level by the provision of fuel modification zones designed, installed, and maintained in order to meet all requirements outlined in the Guideline for Fuel Mod�cation Plans and Maintenance Program prepared by the Orange County Fire Authority. All new construction in the very high fire hazard zone will need to comply with the California Fire and Building Codes as amended by the City that is in affect at the time of application for building permits. Project landscaping will consist of plants from the approved fuel modification planting list. Fuel modification plans will be re-checked and approved by the City Fire Department during the time of which any other proposed fire protection systems are reviewed. Prior to the issuance of any building permit the project applicant shall submit to the City Fire Chief or designee and Community Development Director or Designee, a Construction Phase Emergency Fire Access Plan and an Operational Phase Fire Master Plan for review and approval (PDF PS-2) for each Planning Area. City Fire staff will review the design and will require emergency vehicle access, per City Fire Department standards, to the Santiago Creek area. Additionally, a water infrastructure plan for firefighter purposes will be required. Therefore,based on the information presented above,the impacts related to the potential to expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildland fires would be anticipated to have a less than significant impact and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to wildfires and no mitigation measures would be required. City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.8-19 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials 5.8.6 Evaluation Summary Table 5.8-2, Evaluation Summary Table — Hazards and Hazardous Materials, summarizes potentially significant project impacts from this Draft EIR. Table 5.8-2: Evaluation Summary Table- Hazards and Hazardous Materials Threshold Potential Impact Mitigation Measure Level of Significance Routine Transport Less than significant None required Less than significant Release of Hazardous Impact HAZ-1 MM HAZ-1 Less than significant with Materials Impact HAZ-2 MM HAZ-2 mitigation Schools No impact None required Less than significant Data Lists Impact HAZ-1 MM HAZ-1 Less than significant with Impact HAZ-2 MM HAZ-2 mitigation Airports and Airport Land Less than significant None required Less than significant Use Plans Private Airstrips Less than significant None required Less than significant Emergency Evacuation Plans Less than significant None required Less than significant Wildfires Less than significant None required Less than significant Page 5.8-20 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality 5.9.1 Introduction Purpose The purpose of this section is to identify potential impacts to hydrology and water quality from project implementation on the project site and the surrounding area. This section also identifies mitigation measures to reduce any potentially significant hydrology and water quality impacts and describes the residual impact, if any, after imposition of the mitigation. Sources The following sources were used in consideration and discussion of the potential environmental impacts: • Forecasting California's Earthquakes — What Can We Expect in the Next 30 Years, prepared by US Geological Survey, 2008. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3027/) • Preliminary Water Quality Management Plan (PWQMP), City of OYange, by Fuscoe Engineering, Inc., September 20, 2012 as provided in Technical Appendix K, Water Quality Technical Report,to this Draft EIR. � Rio Santiago, Hydrological Assessment Report, City of Orange, by Fuscoe Engineering, Inc., December 16, 2011, as provided in Technical Appendix J, Hydrology Study Report, to this Draft EIR. • Rio Santiago Water Quality Technical Report, City of Orange, by Fuscoe Engineering, Inc., May 1, 2013, as provided in Technical Appendix K, Water Quality Technical Report, to this Draft EIR. • Table of Dam Failures: http://cee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/dams/Dam_History_Page/Failures.htm • Villa Park Dam information: http://bos.ocgov.com/legacy3/newsletters/pdfNilla_Park Dam_emails.pdf. • Comments received during the public review period and at the scoping meetings. These comments are contained in Appendix A,Public Participation Process. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-1 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality 5.9.2 Existing Environmental Setting Materials Recycling Approximately five acres in the southeastern portion of the project site are used as a materials recycling area. This area includes apparatus for the crushing of boulders, bricks, rocks, etc. for recycling. The materials recycling area additionally includes operations that provide for the cement treatment of base materials. Material for this operation originates primarily from off-site sources. Access to the materials recycling area is from a controlled entrance along East Santiago Canyon Road. Materials generated by this operation have historically been used on and transported off the project site. The materials generated by this operation at issuance of the NOP were being taken off-site. Materials recycling will continue on the project site through the construction of the proposed project until Planning Area D is developed. Backfilling Operation To restore previously mined portions of the site, a portion of the project site is presently being backfilled as a permitted land use. The existing backfill operation is not a permanent use. The project site is presently being backfilled in sequentially defined phases. The project site is being over excavated (i.e., removal of unsuitable materials) and filled in the present backfill operation. The applicant has indicated that grading permit(s) will be requested from the City to complete backfilling of all previously mined portions of the project site. As previously noted, the project site was used from 1919 to 1995 for surface mining of sand, gravel, and other aggregates. Previously mined portions of the project site were used for residue silt deposition, otherwise known as silt ponds. The backfilling operation addresses both mined and silt pond areas. Approximately 2,248,200 cubic yards of material will be over excavated per Tentative Tract Map No. 17344. Once removed,the material will be spread and dried on the project site. The material will then be mixed with imported materials. A total of 1,100,000 cubic yards of material will be imported to the site. Please refer to Section 5.16, Transportation and Traffic for detail information related to truck trips. The imported materials will be based on recommendations of the soils engineer and include concrete, asphalt, rock, and soil. The imported materials will be crushed on-site by either the existing materials recycling facility or additional operations. A total of 3,348,200 cubic yards of material will be blended during the project site grading(including backfilling operation and mass grading). This includes materials both over excavated and imported to the project site. This approved, on-going backfill operation currently is separate and distinct from the proposed project. However, most of this grading would have to occur to construct the proposed project. Therefore, as a practical result, from the date of project approval the backfilling and grading will become project site preparation activities and, as such,are analyzed as part of the construction phase of the project. Existing Drainage Patterns and Storm Drain Systems The areas of the property where development is to occur generally drains in a northwesterly direction, and under existing conditions entering Santiago Creek directly through surface swales or indirectly via the Page 5.9-2 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Handy Creek Storm Channel(E08S06) first and then to Santiago Creek. The existing drainage areas and planning area boundaries as defined by the Specific Plan are not the same. The drainage patterns at the time of issuance of the NOP are shown on Figure 5.9-1, Existing Drainage Condition Map are described below. D�ainaqe A�ea A (existinqJ Drainage Area A (existing), includes Santiago Creek and is approximately 69 acres in ground surface area. It is bounded by Mabury Street and the existing Mabury Ranch residential community on the north, Cannon Street on the west, Santiago Oaks Regional Park and upstream portions of Santiago Creek to the east, and undeveloped property to the south which will become proposed Planning Areas B, C and D. The majority of Drainage Area A (existing) is not part of the hydrologic analysis included in this study, but receives run-off from the hydrologic area (proposed on-site development areas) under consideration. Santiago Creek within the project site is defined being located between Stations 100+00 and 150+00, approximately 5,000 feet in length as shown on Figure 5.9-2,PlanningArea Map. The ground surface includes incised portions of Santiago Creek where the majority of Creek flows are conveyed, higher floodway shelves which are intermittently flooded by large storm events or periodic significant flood releases from the upstream dams, and even higher shelves which remain dry. Santiago Creek changes flow directions several times within the project site. From Station 150+00 to 136+00, the channel flows in a westerly direction. At Station 136+00, the channel begins to turn toward the south bank. Downstream of Station 126+00, the channel begins to head back toward the north bank until it reaches Station 119+00. Downstream of Station 119+00, the channel generally remains in a southwesterly direction flowing out of the project site. In channel profile, the upper portion of the Santiago Creek between Stations 124+00 and 150+00 is deeply incised with the bedrock exposed on the Creek bottom. The middle portion of the Santiago Creek from Station 113+00 to 124+00 is wide and shallow. Historically,this portion of the channel was used as a desilting pond for mining operations. The lower portion of the reach from Station 100+00 to 113+00 is also incised with a bedrock invert near the surface. The ground throughout Drainage Area A(existing) is lightly covered by grasses, shrubs, brush, and trees. The ground surface slopes generally from east to west and its elevations range from 354' above to 420' above msl. In addition to run-off from the Santiago Creek Watershed east of the project site, storm water run-off enters Drainage Area A (existing) from the Mabury Ranch community to the north via sheet flow and two existing storm drain outlets. Storm water run-off also enters Drainage Area A(existing)from the south via surface swales from Drainage Areas B, C, and D (existing) and via the existing Handy Creek Storm Channel RCB. 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The westerly and southerly edge of Drainage Area B (existing) adjoins a landfill (Villa Park) owned by the County of Orange, which is currently closed. Drainage Area C (existing) forms the easterly boundary of Drainage Area B (existing). The existing ground surface consists primarily of silt(residue) deposits placed during the former mining operations on the property. The silt deposits are lightly covered by grasses, shrubs, brush and trees. The ground surface slopes generally from southeasterly to northwesterly and its elevation ranges from 355' above msl to 390' above msl. Accarding to the Orange County Hydrology Manual, Soil Group "B" predominates, indicating a pervious area loss rate due to infiltration that is in the moderate range. Drainage Area B (existing) is part of the present backfilling operation and in the past it had been used for mining operations. Storm water run-off in the drainage area sheet flows northwesterly to a swale which conveys the flow to the northwest corner of the drainage area and outlets the flow on the top of bank above Santiago Creek where it falls to the Geek flowline below (Hydrologic Node 300.08). The bank is moderately eroded where the swale outlet occurs. Refer to Figure 5.9-1, Existing Drainage Condition Map, for a depiction of existing drainage features in Drainage Area B (existing). D�ainage Area C(existingJ Drainage Area C (existing) is approximately 25.5 acres in ground surface area. It is bounded by Santiago Creek on the north and East Santiago Canyon Road on the south. The westerly edge of Drainage Area C (existing is a natural ridgeline separating it from Drainage Area B (existing). A natural ridgeline just west of the existing Handy Creek Storm Channel forms the easterly boundary of Drainage Area C (existing). The existing ground surface consists primarily of silt (residue) deposits placed during the former mining operations on the property. The silt deposits are lightly covered by grasses, shrubs, brush, and trees. The ground surface slopes generally from southeasterly, to northwesterly and its elevation ranges from 362' above msl to 398' above msl. According to the Orange County Hydrology Manual, Soil Group `B" predominates, indicating a pervious area loss rate due to infiltration that is in the moderate range. Drainage Area C (existing) part of the present backfilling operation and in the past it had been used for mining operations. Storm water run-off in the drainage area sheet flows in a northwesterly direction and is collected in two swales. One swale traverses the middle of the drainage area and the other swale traverses the northerly portion of the drainage area. The swales confluence near the northwest corner of the drainage area and the flow outlets on the bank above Santiago Creek where it falls to the Creek flowline below (Hydrologic Node 300.07). The bank has minor erosion where the swale outlet occurs. Refer to 5.9-1, Existing Drainage Condition Map, for a depiction of existing drainage features in Drainage Area C (existing. Drainage Area D(existingJ West Drainage Area D West (existing) is approximately 28 acres in ground surface area. It is bounded by Santiago Creek on the north and East Santiago Canyon Road on the south. A natural ridgeline just west Page 5.9-6 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality of the existing Handy Creek Storm Channel forms the westerly boundary of Drainage Area D West (existing). An existing residential neighborhood named "The Reserve" and a natural ridgeline just east of the existing Metropolitan Water District(MWD)Allen McCulloch Pipeline(Diemer Transmission)forms the easterly boundary of Drainage Area D West (existing). Approximately 2.01 acres of off-site flow from "The Reserve" neighborhood runs onto Drainage Area D West (existing). The existing ground surface consists primarily of granular compacted artificial fill that is lightly covered by grass, shrubs, brush and trees. The ground surface slopes generally from east to west and its elevation ranges from 390' above msl to 460' above msl. According to the Orange County Hydrology Manual, Soil Group "B" predominates, indicating a pervious area loss rate due to infiltration that is in the moderate range. A materials�recycling currently operates at the south easterly end of the Drainage Area D West (existing), while the balance of the site is unoccupied. The vast majority of storm water flow originating in Drainage Area D West (existing) enters the existing Handy Creek Storm Channel at two connection locations as shown on Figure 5.9-1, Existing Drainage Condition Map. Handy Creek is a double cell reinforced concrete box channel that discharges run-off to Santiago Creek (Hydrologic Node 100.09). The Handy Creek Storm Channel is described in further detail below. Refer to Figure 5.9-1, Existing Drainage Condition Map for a depiction of existing drainage features in Drainage Area D West(existing). East Drainage Area D East (existing) is approximately 15 acres in ground surface area. It is bounded by Santiago Creek [Drainage Area A (existing)\ on the north and The Reserve residential neighborhood on the south. The easterly edge of Drainage Area D East(existing)adjoins Santiago Oaks Regional Park. A natural ridgeline just east of the existing Diemer pipeline forms the westerly boundary of Drainage Area D East (existing). The existing ground surface consists primarily of silt (residue) deposits placed during the former mining operations on the property. The silt deposit is lightly covered by grasses, shrubs, brush and trees. The ground surface slopes generally from northeast to southwest and its elevation ranges from 385' above msl to 430' above msl. Approximately 0.55 acres of off-site flow from the Santiago Oaks Regional Park and approximately 2.0 acres of off-site flow from The Reserve runs onto Drainage Area D East (existing). According to the Orange County Hydrology Manual, Soil Group "B" predominates, including a pervious area loss rate due to infiltration that is in the moderate range. Drainage Area D East (existing) is unused at present; however, in the past it had been used for agricultural purposes. Storm water run-off in Drainage Area D East(existing)East sheet flows westerly until intercepted by an existing drainage ditch. The ditch flows northerly and disposes of the flow by a direct connection to Santiago Creek (Hydrologic node 100.08). Refer to Figure 5.9-1, Existing Drainage Condition Map, for a depiction of existing drainage features in Drainage Area D East(existing). Handy Creek Traversing through the Study Watershed is the existing Handy Creek Storm Channel (E08S06), an underground Dbl 12'(w) x 9'(h) reinforced concrete box (RCB) structure. The Handy Creek Storm Channel, operated by the Orange County Flood Control District, is located in the central portion of the project site. Off-site storm water run-off originating in areas south of East Santiago Canyon Road is conveyed through the project site in this underground facility and outletted directly into Santiago Creek. City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.9-7 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Although the majority of Handy Creek Storm Channel tributary flows originate upstream (south) of the Study Watershed, and pass through the project site in the underground RCB structure, a portion of the Study Watershed tributary area in the east central portion of the project site [Drainage Area D West (existing)] also contributes flow to the Handy Creek Storm Channel via two existing on-site sump inlets. The percentage of the Study Watershed's existing tributary area contributing to the Handy Creek Storm Channel is 38.7% (28.13-acres/72.77acres). According to the County of Orange in their May 25, 2011 comment letter to Notice of Preparation circulation (Appendix A), "the Handy Creek Storm Channel (E08S06) is a deficient flood control facility and is not capable of conveying run-off from the 100-year storm event. Far this reason, it is recommended that the run-off from the development be drained directly into Santiago Creek and not into Handy Creek Storm Channel". This request has been integrated into the proposed condition hydrologic routing pattern and is discussed later in this section. The existing Handy Creek Storm Channel RCB is the only existing underground conduit in the Study Watershed, and its discharge, including Study Watershed tributary areas, outlets into Santiago Creek at Node 100.09 near the center of the project site. Refer to Figure 5.9-1,Existing Drainage Condition Map, for a depiction of the existing Handy Creek Storm Channel drainage feature. Unnamed Storm D�ain Two unnamed storm drains are located in the northerly portion of the project site and convey storm water collected in the Mabury Ranch area(to the north) directly into Santiago Creek. The storm drains will not be altered with the construction of this project. Refer to Figure 5.9-1, Existing Drainage Condition Map, for a depiction of the unnamed storm drain features. A//en McCu//och Pipe/ine(Diemer TransmissionJ The Allen McCulloch Pipeline (Diemer Transmission) trunk water distribution line, operated by the MWD,traverses the easterly portion of the site and is located entirely below grade. Watershed Setting The project site is a part of the Santiago Creek Watershed, which is a major tributary to the Santa Ana River (Figure 5.9-3, Santa Ana River Watershec�. The Santiago Creek Watershed is depicted in Figure 5.9-4, Santiago Creek Regional Watershed. More specifically, Santiago Creek(Reach 1, Hydrologic Unit [HCJ] No. 801.21) is tributary to the Santa Ana River (Reach 2, HLJ No. 801.11). Santiago Creek, designated as system "E08" in the Orange County Drainage System, is 29 miles in length and drains approximately 110 square miles of mostly undeveloped land. The Creek originates at Santiago Peak in the Santa Ana Mountains and generally flows northwest to the east of the project site where it turns and flows in a southwesterly direction until it confluences with the Santa Ana River, approximately 3,600 feet south of the Garden Grove Freeway (SR-22) in the City of Santa Ana. The Santa Ana River ultimately discharges, to the west, into the Pacific Ocean. Reach 2 of the Santa Ana River is listed on the 303(d) List for Impaired Waterbodies for Indicator Bacteria. There are two existing dams on the Santiago Creek Page 5.9-8 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality which have major influence on channel discharge and sediment transport. The Santiago Reservoir is located approximately five miles upstream of the project site. The Villa Park Dam is located - approximately one and one-half miles upstream of the project site. Based on the current disclosed dam failure inundation map of these two dams, the project site is located within the dam failure inundation zone. Hydrologically, the subject watershed (referred to as the "Study Watershed" in this section) lies directly north of East Santiago Canyon Road and east of Cannon Drive in the City of Orange, California. The Study Watershed is south of and tributary to Santiago Creek, although Santiago Creek flows are not a part of this analysis. Additional off-site residential areas north of the project site (Mabury Avenue) also contribute to Santiago Creek, but drainage conditions in those areas are also not a part of the Study Watershed analysis. The subject watershed is 72.43 acres in size and is comprised primarily of Planning Areas B, C, and D (depicted on Figure 5.9-2, Planning Area Map), as well as 3.56 acres of off-site run-on (included in the 72.43 acres). Table 5.9-1, Watershed Area Statistics provides a summary of the watershed area statistics. Table 5.9-1: Watershed Area Statistics Existing Existing On- Proposed Proposed Tributary Site Tributary On-Site Description Watershed Property Not Watershed Property Not Area acres Tributary to Area acres Tributary to On- Off- Watershed On- Off- Watershed Site Site Study Site Site Study Planning Areas B, C,D, and A 69.36 - - 68.87 - - (portion) Santiago Oaks Park - 0.55 - - 0.75 - Run-on from"The Reserve" - 2.81 - - 2.81 - Santiago Creek(PA A- _ _ 39.48 - - 39.90 portion) East Santiago Canyon Road - - 0.98 - - 0.98 R/W Dedication Yorba Landfill - 0.05 - - - - Sub-Total 6936 3.41 40.46 68.87 3.56 40.88 Total 72.77 72.43 Source:Appendix J,Hydrology Study Report City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-9 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 -rt - „w � � � � �� �. ��,. ,y. � ,..� . � . , � �: -� .u ��, ��, � °.t ��. 4,,. d. .�a:. �,, G � : � � O� , t��.�t»' _ .��� . , � , �� , ,�, ;► . ,� � �� � .� , �r � � . , � ;�, _� �, -, �,,,,�. � �. z � '�,,—+^�'` _ a 4""�t_ °�.,'� a�, �'�'���. .y .�,,. � -"! ,� � �`,�,..�i 'z � zF� � �.� ;,-�� � � �'� �! tt .'` � - •x�-`v"t�� -�� -�i �� �,�• � � -. � � t t ' '�``*aeT}��'��, �l c � ~�� +,-;t*� �.�. ��� � . �' � r.,'t q� ���� �$. -��. ;� *.''�`"` ._'�. �� � ,�.� � i� � � ,"�"4. ,'�y.•'pA. �Y� a*%'a'� �.. � . �.��,, �C � y� >. �'��� Y i�' f7F-�� E"1 U � �� ' ,a a � � ,� -. °�.� ��«�"�3 � ��,�'' .� �;.a x ,�� t 4 A'!�;. � � '!�:. �*`* � 'ri"� � `��� . � � �� "y�� �i,,� � z * � ,�b,,.s ;+�r ..,, ,f ``���.�. � ���^� � � r. ^ •i �} t 7`, ?Yt � `F ���� �� ,..5 .'ev� ' •� 1 i� ' s � � ♦ • ` � �'�'• �7iL.��1� x .� � i . �., :r .. . ���"+��M t� ""� .�r����: � �..t� � ��1* �l' i 4. 4�� �. 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'y � . . . �` � 4�'a ��� 'p � �� , � I , t �a'' N ` 5 � a � `� , � . :�e� � � ��� � W ,., � � o � � V1 � � , w � ��, � � � � ' O � 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Beneficial Uses The beneficial uses of Reach 1 of Santiago Creek, as outlined in the Basin Plan, are: ■ MiJN — Municipal and Domestic Supply; ■ GWR — Groundwater Recharge; ■ REC1 — Contact Water Recreation'; ■ REC2 — Non-Contact Water Recreation; ■ WARM — Warm Freshwater Habitat; and, ■ WILD — Wildlife Habitat. Water Quality Objectives In order to maintain the beneficial uses listed in the previous section, surface waters must achieve certain water quality objectives outlined in the Basin Plan. Table 5.9-2, Water Quality Objectives for Santiago Creek, Reach 1 summarizes the Specific Water Quality Objectives for Santiago Creek, Reach 1. Table 5.9-2: Water Quality Objectives for Santiago Creek, Reach 1 Water Quality Objectives: Surface Water Total Total Chemical Dissolved Hardness Sodium Chloride Inorganic Sulfate Oxygen Solids Nitro en Demand 600 -- -- -- -- -- -- Note: All units in mg/L unless otherwise stated. --No specific water quality objectives established. Source: Regional Water Quality Control Board(RWQCB)Santa Ana Region. Water Quality Control Plan for the Santa Ana River Basin(8). January 24, 1995,u dated Februa 2008. Source:Appendix K, Water Quality Technical Report In addition to the specific objectives, qualitative and quantitative general water quality objectives have been set in the Basin Plan for the following constituents: • algae • ammonia • bacterialcoliform • boron • chemical oxygen • chloride demand • chlorine • color • total dissolved solids • floatables • fluoride • hardness • nitrogen • metals • nitrate • oil & grease • dissolved oxygen • pH �Access prohibited in all or part by Orange County Resources Development and Management Division(RDMD). Page 5.9-12 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality • radioactivity • sodium • settleable solids • sulfate • sulfides • surfactants � �� • taste&odor • temperature • toxic substances • turbidity • methylene blue-activated substances(MBAS) Current Surface Water Quality Conditions As part of the County-wide storm water program and OC DAMP, surface water monitoring is conducted along Santiago Creek. Currently,there are no monitoring locations for Santiago Creek Reach 1 within the proximity of the proposed project site. However, sampling within the Project's vicinity has been performed in the past. Field screening data and channel monitoring data were collected at two monitoring stations; one upstream and one downstream of the project site, during the periods of 1967 to 1994, and 1992 to 1996 respectively (see Figure 5.9-5, Santiago Creek Sampling Points). The County's field screening program includes on-site physical and chemical evaluations including dry weather and storm event sampling, as part of an effort to detect illicit connections and illegal discharges. The channel monitoring was conducted using automated samplers, and typically on a monthly basis. A summary of the collected data is provided in Table 5.9-3, Field Screening Data Santiago Creek and Table 5.9-4, Channel Monitoring Data Summary and refer to Figure 5.9-5, Santiago Creek Sampling Points for locations of the sampling sites. No receiving water impairments or TMDLs have been listed for Santiago Creek Reach 1 or the Lower � Santa Ana River Reach 1. Reach 2 is listed on the 303(d) list for Indicator Bacteria. Floodplain Mapping The National Flood Insurance Act (1968) established the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which provides for the minimal requirements for floodplain management and is designed to minimize flood drainage within Special Flood Hazard Areas. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is the agency that administrates the National Flood Insurance Program. The Special Flood Hazard Area is the area subject to flooding by the 1% annual chance flood. The 1% annual flood (100- year flood), also known as the base flood, is the flood that has a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. Areas of Special Flood Hazard include Zones: A, AE, AH, AO, AR, A99, V, and VE. The Base Flood Elevation (BFE) is the water-surface elevation of the 1% annual chance flood. Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) were developed by the NFIP to identify areas of flood hazards within a community. Per the Flood Insurance Rate Map(FIRM) catalog, the project site falls entirely within the limits of FIRM Map Number 06059C0158J, which has an effective date of December 3, 2009. Figure 5.9-6, Santiago Creek FIRMDepiction, illustrates the project boundary and Planning Area boundaries superimposed onto the FIRM map. As shown in Figure 5.9-6,Santiago Creek FIRMDepiction, the Santiago Creek floodway traverses the northerly areas of the property where no development will occur and where existing conditions will be maintained. The Santiago Creek floodway is designated on the FIRM map as Zone AE City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-13 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality in this area. Zone AE is defined as the floodway of the channel/stream plus any adjacent floodplain areas that must be kept free of encroachment so that the 1% annual chance flood can be carried without substantial increases in flood heights. The Zone AE floodway limits are identified along with Santiago Creek BFE's. Figure 5.9-6, Santiago Creek FIRMDepiction, articulates that project development areas are outside of Zone AE flood limits and are currently designated Zone X (outside any SFHA). Preliminary project grading plans indicate fills of 0-feet to 12-feet will be placed in on-site development areas to create final landform grading conditions. This graded fill condition coupled with non- encroachment into Santiago Creek floodway (Zone AE) areas ensures that Zone X designations will continue within development areas of the project site and also ensures that project improvements will not impede the existing 100-year floodplain. It should be noted that the hydrologic condition (discharge value), leading to BFE designations identified on FIRM Map Number 06059C0158J, is unknown. Accordingly, the project has performed hydraulic modeling of the Santiago Creek utilizing local jurisdiction established discharge values (6,000 cfs), Manning's "n" values (0.17), and modified grading conditions for the proposed regional recreational facilities along the south side of Santiago Geek, to compare modeled Santiago Creek water surface elevations against FIRM BFE's and proposed grading elevations along the Santiago Creek/development edge interface. The Santiago Creek Study analysis is not a part of this "on-site" drainage report but is included in the separate report "Hydraulic and Sediment Transport Report for Santiago Creek (June 28, 2011). " Hydraulic modeling water surface results from the Santiago Creek Study are included herein in Table 5.9- 5, Santiago Creek Water Surface Elevation Comparison, and indicate a-2.8 foot(Sta. 144+00)to 3.9 foot (Sta. 110+00) difference in water surface elevations between FIRM BFE's and Santiago Creek Study water surface elevations from the Santiago Creek Hydraulic Study. Higher Santiago Creek water surface elevations (e.g., higher than FIRM BFE's) are expected in the Santiago Creek Study because of the conservative "n" value used in the Santiago Creek Study. Also included in Table 5.9-5, Santiago Creek Water Surface Elevation Comparison are proposed project grading elevations that have been extracted from the conceptual grading e�ibit. The grading elevations represent the proposed finished grade on the property line separating Planning Area A(Santiago Creek Greenway Reserve) from the Planning Area B, C, and D development areas(see Figure 5.9-7,Proposed Grading Interface with Santiago Creek), and are taken at the intersection of the Santiago Creek station line projection with the property line. A comparison of the project grading elevation with the higher of the two water surface elevations (FIRM BFE or Creek Study WSE) at any given station indicates the project grading is always higher than the Santiago Creek 100-year water surface with the smallest differential being 0.10 foot at station 144+00. This result indicates the project development areas in the post development condition will remain outside of any Special Flood Hazard Area(SFHA). Page 5.9-14 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project � �� � N � � N N N ^ N N �O � 7 V V V V V �� N� � � +�-� .0� �n �n �n v� °O m� � d � V V V V V aN �.� ,. � O 'O Z rn U� V o V � U � 0 � 7 Of o� � t� oo v � �n c�•i T ()v v cv v U 2 01 L� O O V� v� v� � v� ui U � v v v v v � v N Cp� � �n � o 0o t� � � � 'a G V � M �/1 N N �M M N G �v _ O� 00 � � N M o0 V1 U E V V oo � � V V O C Le � � z z z o 0 o z a�- M� � vi d Z � ,v v v � d L V ^ N ,�Z p� o � �(� � o �"'� ^ � v � � � � � Q G�i Z� o 0 0 0 0 0 y Q LL V £ o o � o 0 0 �-�+ � G � yN � � � Z o c Z = .= W y U� o 0 0 W v v v v � a, o V V vi �= o 0 � (n f�U rn vi � m � 7 V V � 0 � W fyll� � M O � LL � �Vv o 0 0 C' p� '^ oo � �` 'n oo .. � �, N �n � p � � t� oo '� '^ r vi c�i N /� � °� a v �r �o �o � � M �., � Fy U t� m N t� � � � N N �n H 0 y Z L l� N N V1 O o0 M o0 O O N o0 � M vi �O 01 U O � M 01 N o0 V'� V'� 1� U � V' o � _' 00 01 V'� Q1 �D N M M � 4 0 a � � co o; r c� c� � � oc v, a� cv � � � cm U C O� M O N O � M � C I LL� � N � � ^ V � � W � C � � OMi OMi O�i rn � � � � N Q Q,a� O� O� Q� •--� O� O� O� 7 � �� M �O h \ � � � 00 \ � � � N V'1 M � � M �O M � N 'O m .y � � W � C w V � c ° � E U y Y E � a� U. v o ��o �•o � '� � Q o JQ vi � G'Q" � � N p�O ... . � � y Q � p� o � � � ¢ �c � � c v� � c� ou y ,� m m ao�— � �a « E `° ` c o 00 °- F' ;9 0, a ai i �v) i0 1C c �.�."�. � c3;� �"� � '� p +..�'. O �Z v� UU W jQa� c`�c q � UQ' m z 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Table 5.9-4: Channel Monitoring Data Summary CHANNEL MONITORING DATA(HISTORICAL) SANTIAGO CANYON ROAD BRIDGE (STATION 38) Sampling 1995 Basin Parameter Unit period Maximum Minimum Mean Plan Objective Temp cent 1977-1994 22 8 14.36 Flow cfs 1964-1994 1,500 0.5 180.24 Turbidity hatch ftu 1973-1980 3,000 1 530.21 Conductivity micromho 1978-1994 912 145 442.57 Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 1978-1994 17.9 7.8 12.48 >5 COD mg/L 1978-1994 467 22 106.77 pH su 1978-1994 9.1 7.4 8.05 6.5-8.5 HCO3ION mg/L 1967-1975 257 179 215 CO3ION mg/L 1967-1975 18 0 7.58 Total Residue(nflt) mg/L 1977-1980 14,000 12 2,704.4 Oil&Grease mg/L 1978-1980 18.8 3 9.08 Total N(NH3+NH4) mg/L 1977-1980 13 0.1 0.25 NH3-N(un-ionized) mg/L 1977-1980 OA13 0.0006 0.003 <0.098 NH3-NH3(un-ionized) mg/L 1977-1980 0.016 0.007 0.004 <0.12 TKN mg/L 1977-1980 8.2 0.1 2.89 Total PO4 mg/L 1977-1980 0.74 0.12 0.37 Total Hardness(CAC03) 1973-1994 440 30 202.67 Dissolved Calcium mg/L 1967-1975 75 61.4 68.9 Dissolved Magnesium mg/L 1967-1975 213 18 1935 Dissolved Sodium mg/L 26 18 22 Dissolved Potassium mg/L 1967-1974 1.4 1 116 Total Chloride mg/L 1967-1975 16 9 12.83 Total Sulfate mg/L 1967-1978 101 15 81.67 Dissolved Flouride mg/L 1967-1974 0.3 0.2 0.24 0.9 Dissolved Silica mg/L 1969-1980 21.7 3 15.85 Dissolved Boron ug/L 1967-1974 200 16 93.2 750 Total Cadmium ug/L 1977-1993 10 2 4.25 Total Chromium ug/L 1977-1994 53 0.8 20.42 Total Copper ug/L 1978-1994 40 4 19.98 Total Lead ug/L 1977-1994 90 0.9 36.22 Total Zinc ug/L 1977-1994 290 9 78.77 Dissolved Zinc ug/L 1993 30 30 30 Total Coliform MPN/100mL 1978-1980 240,000 90 46,747 100 Phenol(Dissolved) ug/L 1992-1993 10 10 10 Calcium Hardness mg/L 1967-1975 264 236 251.73 TDS mg/L 1967-1974 368 328 353.4 600 Chloride mg/L 1993 0.39 0.39 0.39 Nitrate(total) mg/L 1967-1980 26.4 0 734 <45 Dissolved Nitrate(NO3) mg/L 1994 2.8 2.8 2.8 Source:Appendix K, Water Quality Technical Report Page 5.9-16 City of Orange-Draft EIR-May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Table 5.9-5: Santiago Creek Water Surface Elevation Comparison Creek FIRM Creek Study Project Grading - � Station BFE�'� W.S.E.�2� Elevation�3� i 104+00 370.0 371.9 383.0 106+00 373.0 375.4 385.0 110+00 377.0 3 80.9 3 89.0 114+00 3 80.0 3 82.2 3 93.2 118+00 382.0 383.1 395.7 122+00 385.5 385.6 397.8 126+00 3 88.0 3 91.9 400.6 130+00 396.5 400.1 410.1 134+00 405.0 406.8 412.9 13 8+00 409.0 410.6 413.7 142+00 414.0 413.0 415.9 144+00 417.0 414.2 417.1 (1) Extracted from FIRM Map Number 06059C0158J (2) Extracted From Santiago Creek Hydraulic and Sediment Transport Study, Chang Consulting, July, 2011 (Reference 1) 3 See Rio Santia o Conce tual Gradin Exhibit Source:Appendix J,Hydrology Study Report I City of Orange-Draft ElR-May 2013 Page 5.9-17 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 C/].r �-��. 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I ��. � � �~ c� �` � � � � , � 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality 5.9.3 Regulatory Setting Federal Water Quality Requirements The water quality objectives for all waters in the State are established under the applicable provisions of Section 303 of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) and the State Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act. The State Water Resources Control Board(SWRCB) and the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) are responsible for assuring implementation of and compliance with the provisions of the CWA and the Porter-Cologne Act. The applicable provisions of the CWA related to surface water run-off are discussed below. Federa/C/ean Wate�Act Section 303 of the CWA requires that States adopt water quality standards for all surface waters of the United States. Section 304(a) of the CWA requires that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publish water quality criteria that accurately reflect the most current scientific knowledge regarding the effects on health and welfare from the presence of pollutants in the surface water. Where multiple uses occur, water quality standards must protect the most sensitive land use. Typically, water quality standards are numeric, although narrative criteria based upon biomonitoring methods may be used where numerical standards cannot be established or where they are needed to supplement numerical standards. States are required to adopt numerical water quality standards for toxic pollutants for which the EPA has published water quality criteria and which could be expected to interfere with designated uses in a water body. Nationa/Po//utant Discharge E/imination System Permits The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit system was established in the CWA to regulate municipal and industrial discharges to the surface waters of the United States. Section 402 of the CWA contains general requirements regarding NPDES permits. Section 307 of the CWA describes the factors the EPA must consider in setting effluent limits for priority pollutants. Amendments adopted in 1972 to the CWA prohibit the discharge of pollutants to navigable waters from a point source (discharge from a single conveyance such as a pipe) unless the discharge is authorized by an NPDES permit. In 1987, in recognition that diffuse or non-point sources were significantly impairing surface water quality, Congress amended the CWA to address storm water run-off pollution in a phased program requiring NPDES permits for operators of municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s), construction projects, and industrial facilities. Phase I, approved in 1990, required municipal permits for MS4s generally serving populations over 100,000, construction permits for projects five acres or greater, and industrial permits determined by Standard Industrial Classification Code(SIC). In December 1999, the EPA finalized Phase II of the NPDES program, which requires that operators of small MS4s located in urban areas implement programs and policies to control polluted storm water run- off through the use of NPDES permits. In addition, Phase II includes small construction activities that result in land disturbances of equal to or greater than one and less than five acres within the NPDES � program. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-21 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality The purpose of the NPDES municipal program is to establish a comprehensive water quality program to manage urban storm water in order to minimize pollution of the environment to the maximum extent practicable. The NPDES program consists of: characterization of the receiving water quality; identification of harmful constituents; identification of potential sources of pollutants; and, implementation of a Comprehensive Starm Water Management Program. One of the primary objectives of water quality regulations, including the NPDES program, is the reduction of pollutants and sediments in urban storm water run-off to the maximum extent possible through the use of Best Management Practices(BMPs). There are two categories of BMPs: structural BMPs and non-structural BMPs. Structural BMPs involve the specific construction, modification, operation, maintenance, or monitoring of facilities to minimize the introduction of pollutants from the drainage system. Non-structural BMPs are activities, programs, and other non-physical measures that would contribute to the reduction of pollutants from non-point source pollutants to the drainage system. State Water Quality Requirements In California, the regulation, protection, and administration of water quality are carried out by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) and nine California Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWCQBs). The State is divided into nine regions due to regional concerns and issues related to water quality and quantity. In compliance with Section 303 of the CWA and the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, each RWQCB is required to adopt a Water Quality Control Plan or Basin Plan which recognizes and reflects regional differences in existing water quality, the beneficial uses of the region's ground and surface water, and local water quality conditions and problems. The project site is located within the Santa Ana Region which is addressed in the Water Quality Control Plan for the Santa Ana Basin (8), dated January 24, 1995, and updated in October 2008. The Santa Ana Basin Plan is designed to preserve and enhance water quality and protect the beneficial uses of its regional waters. The Santa Ana RWQCB has the authority to implement water quality protection standards through the issuance of permits to waters within its jurisdiction. As previously stated, pursuant to Section 303(d) of the CWA,the Santa Ana RWQCB has included Reach 2 of the Santa Ana River on the 2010 Clean Water Act 303(d) list of"impaired water bodies" for indicator bacteria. Reach 1 of the River and the Pacific Ocean is not listed for any impairments. The Santa Ana RWQCB administers the NPDES permit requirements far the project area, including the project site. As discussed above, in 1990 the EPA established Phase I of the NPDES storm water program to address discharges from construction activities disturbing five acres or more of land. In 1992, the State adopted a related NPDES General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Construction Activities (Construction Activities General Permit) for projects greater than five acres in size. The permit required that applicable projects have a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) which: specifies BMPs that would prevent construction pollutants from contacting storm water with the intent of keeping all products of erosion from moving off-site into receiving waters; eliminates or Page 5.9-22 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality reduces non-storm water discharges to storm sewer systems and waters of the State; and, provides a monitoring program for the routine inspection of all BMPs. In 1999, the State adopted the NPDES General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Construction Activities (Construction Activities General Permit) (State Water Resources Control Board Order No 99-08-DWQ, NPDES CAS000002) which requires the development and implementation of a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) for the aforementioned applicable projects. The SWPPP is required to achieve two major objectives: to help identify the sources of sediment and other pollutants that affect the quality of storm water discharges; and, to describe and ensure the implementation of BMPs to reduce or eliminate sediment and other pollutants in storm water and non- storm water discharges, including non-visible pollutants. In September 2009, the SWRCB updated the General Construction Permit(GCP). Order No. 2009-0009-DWQ became effective July 1, 2010. The 1987 Amendment to the CWA required municipalities to obtain NPDES permits for storm water discharges to storm drain systems. In 1990, the County of Orange, County Flood Control District (OCFCD) and incorporated cities received a regional NPDES permit. A "Second Term" permit was renewed in 1996. A "Third Term"permit was renewed in 2002 and the"4th Term"permit was renewed in 2009. Local Water Quality Requirements City of Orange Storm Water Prog�am A total of three State and County NPDES permits apply to storm water regulations within the City. These permits are listed below: 1. State General Permit CAS000001 regulates discharges of storm water associated with industrial activities. 2. State General Permit CAS000002 regulates discharge of storm water run-off associated with construction activities. 3. Orange County Order Number R8-2009-0030 and State Permit CAS618030 regulates waste discharge requirements(WDR). Third term Permit R8-2002-0010 required cities and the County to mitigate, among other things, illegal discharges into the storm drainage system. The programs include: (1) inspections of commercial and industrial properties; (2) inspection and cleaning of storm water pipelines; and, (3) responding to complaints. Local Implementation Plan (LIP) The City adopted a Local Implementation Plan (LIP) to regulate the water quality of storm water run-off. The Plan became effective on July 1, 2003. The LIP states that the City complies with the NPDES permit. The LIP requires various development projects within the City to submit a Water Quality City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-23 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Management Plan(WQMP). The City LIP was developed and adopted on July 1, 2003, and a revised LIP adopted on September 13,2011. Drainaqe Area Manaqement Plan (DAMP) The Drainage Area Management Plan (DAMP) is Orange County's principal policy and guidance document for the NPDES program. The County and stakeholders created the DAMP, which has been in effect since 1993, with subsequent updated elements. A revised DAMP was submitted to the Santa Ana Regional Water Quality Control Board in July 2006, known as the 2007 DAMP. In May 2009, the Santa Ana RWQCB re-issued the MS4 Permit for the Santa Ana Region of Orange County (fourth term permit), which will result in future changes to the OC DAMP and City of Orange LIP and storm water program. In addition to the previous requirements under the third term permit, the requirements of the new 4`h term permit include requirements pertaining to hydromodification and low impact development (LID)features associated with new developments and redevelopments. 5.9.4 Significance Thresholds After considering the preliminary thresholds set forth in Appendix G of the State CEQA Guidelines (to the extent applicable to the proposed project), the adopted regulations of the County of Orange, and the thresholds set forth by City, the following thresholds of significance have been established for the evaluation of the proposed project's potential hydrology impacts: Threshold HWQ-A Would the proposed project violate any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements? Threshold HWQ-B Would the proposed project substantially deplete groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that there would be a net deficit in aquifer volume or a lowering of the local groundwater table level (e.g., the production rate of pre-existing nearby wells would drop to a level which would not support existing land uses or planned uses for which permits have been granted)? Threshold HWQ-C Would the proposed project substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, in a manner which would result in substantial erosion or siltation on-or off-site? Threshold HWQ-D Would the proposed project substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, or substantially increase the rate or amount of surface run-off in a manner which would result in flooding on-or off-site? Page 5.9-24 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold HWQ-E Would the proposed project create or contribute run-off water which would exceed the capacity of existing ar planned stormwater drainage systems or provide substantial additional sources of polluted run-off? Threshold HWQ-F Would the proposed project otherwise substantially degrade water quality? Threshold HWQ-G Would the proposed project place housing within a 100-year flood hazard area as mapped on a federal Flood Hazard Boundary or Flood Insurance Rate Map or other flood hazard delineation map? Threshold HWQ-H Would the proposed project place within a 100-year flood hazard area structures which would impede or redirect flood flow? Threshold HWQ-I Would the proposed project expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury or death involving flooding, including flooding as a result of the failure of a levee or dam? Threshold HWQ-J Would the proposed project expose people or structures to inundation by seiche, tsunami, or mudflow? Threshold HWQ-K Would the proposed project potentially impact storm water run-off from construction activities? Threshold HWQ-L Would the proposed project potentially impact storm water run-off from post- construction activities? Threshold HWQ-M Would the proposed project result in a potential for discharge of storm water pollutants from areas of material storage, vehicle or equipment fueling, vehicle or equipment maintenance (including washing), waste handling, hazardous materials handling or storage, delivery areas, loading docks or other outdoor work areas? Threshold HWQ-N Would the proposed project result in the potential for discharge of storm water to affect the beneficial uses of the receiving waters? Threshold HWQ-O Would the proposed project create the potential for significant changes in the flow velocity or volume of storm water run-off to cause environmental harm? Threshold HWQ-P Would the proposed create significant increases in erosion of the project site or surrounding areas? City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-25 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality 5.9.5 Evaluation of Potential Project Impacts This section will evaluate whether the proposed project would potentially have a substantial adverse effect on hydrology and water quality. This evaluation assumes that the project will be implemented consistent with the Project Description, including all Project Design Features(PDF's). Project Design Features All Project Design Features (PDF's) associated with hydrology and water quality are noted below in Table 5.9-6, Project Design Features & Hydrology and Water Quality Impact Comparison. The table identifies the PDF's related to each CEQA threshold. The checkmark indicates that the PDF reduces, eliminates, and/or avoids impacts associated with the related threshold. Refer to the threshold analysis for specific details. The remainder of this page left intentionally blank. 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F-� d N � �.� ° � �,� 'a `�°,a�i " o m O o � ~ �- u>� O' O' C9 °�o c a, 3 3 Y @•m O� Gir w i �� ❑ L1 0 �o 0. f�. � U� 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Water Quality Standards/Discharge Requirements Threshold HWQ-A Would the proposed project violate any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(a)] Construction The potential impacts of construction activities on water quality focus primarily on sediments, turbidity, and pollutants that might be associated with sediments (e.g., phosphorus and legacy pesticides). Construction-related activities that are primarily responsible for sediment releases are related to exposing soils to potential mobilization by rainfalUrun-off and wind. Such activities include removal of vegetation and existing structures from the site, grading of the site, and construction of new buildings, roadways, and landscaped areas. Environmental factors that affect erosion include topographic, soil, and rainfall characteristics. Non-sediment-related pollutants that are also of concern during construction include waste construction materials; chemicals, liquid products, and petroleum products used in building construction or the maintenance of heavy equipment; and, concrete-related waste streams. During construction activities, excavated soil would be exposed and there would be an increased potential for soil erosion compared to existing conditions. Additionally, during a storm event, soil erosion could occur at an accelerated rate. Clearing, grading, excavation, and construction activities associated with the proposed project could potentially impact water quality due to sheet erosion of exposed soils and subsequent deposition of particles and pollutants in drainage ways or introduction of construction-related pollutants. Grading activities and sediment stockpiles, in particular, can lead to exposed areas of loose soil that are susceptible to uncontrolled sheet flow. The use of materials such as fuels, solvents, and paints during construction also presents a potential risk to surface water quality due to an increased potential for pollutants entering the storm drain system. Additionally, the present on-site soils have pollutants(Section 5.8,Hazards and Hazardous Materials)that presently have the potential to wash away until the soil is stabilized or treated. A SWPPP was prepared and implemented for all operations currently on the project site. The proposed project would include a new SWPPP. PDF HWQ-9 requires a SWPPP that would help to prevent potential impacts during construction. The General Construction Permit (GCP) requires that the SWPPP include erosion and sediment control BMPs that would meet or exceed measures required by the General Permit, as well as BMPs that control other potential construction-related pollutants. The SWPPP would be prepared and implemented at the project site and revised as necessary as administrative or physical conditions change, as required by, and in compliance with, the GCP. The GCP requires the SWPPP to include a menu of BMPs to be selected and implemented (based on the Project's Risk Level) to address erosion and sediment control. Erosion control BMPs are designed to prevent erosion, whereas sediment controls are designed to trap sediment once it has been mobilized. The selected BMPs would meet the BAT/BCT standards required by the current applicable GCP, would address pollutant source reduction, and would ensure that water quality standards are not exceeded in receiving waters due to construction activities. Details related to the estimated risk level (Risk Level 2), types of applicable sediment and Page 5.9-30 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality erosion control BMPs along with the estimated acreage for sedimentation basins are provided in Appendix K, Water Quality Technical Report, Section 5.1. The SWPPP would provide BMPs that are to be maintained for the duration of the construction as well as measures that are specific to each phase of construction. These BMPs include but are not limited to erosion controls, sediment controls, tracking controls, non-storm water management, materials and waste management, and good housekeeping practices. The SWPPP would address site-specific conditions related to project construction, identify the sources of sediment and other pollutants that may affect the quality of storm water discharges, and describe and ensure the implementation and maintenance of BMPs to reduce or eliminate sediment, pollutants adhering to sediment, and other non-sediment pollutants in storm water as well as non-storm water discharges. Compliance with the GCP has been determined by the SWRCB to ensure that water quality standards (protection of beneficial uses and adherence to water quality objectives) are adequately protected during the construction period. Therefore, with the PDF HWQ-9 that requires adherence to local and State regulatory requirements for construction activities potential construction impacts related to storm water run-off quality during construction activities a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Since the groundwater table is anticipated approximately 34 to 52 feet below ground surface, the proposed project is not expected to have an impact on groundwater quality during its construction. Collection of surface water runoff during the construction phases will be detained and filtered as necessary before discharging off-site and is not anticipated to be infiltrated into the ground thereby n minimizing groundwater impacts. No mitigation measures would be required. Post-Construction Several pollutants are commonly associated with storm water run-off, including sediment, nutrients, bacteria, oxygen-demanding substances, petroleum products, heavy metals, toxic chemicals, and floatables. The pollutants of concern for water quality are those pollutants that are anticipated (expected) or potentially could be generated by the proposed project, based on the past and proposed land uses. Potential and anticipated pollutants of concern associated with storm water or urban run-off during operation of the proposed project are listed in Table 5.9-7, Anticipated and Potential Pollutants of Concern. As discussed in detail in AppendiX K, Water Quality Technical Report, Section 5.2 the proposed project includes site design, LID BMPs, source control, and treatment BMPs as necessary to reduce pollutants and treat run-off prior to exiting the project site. With implementation of the selected BMPs, or equivalent, as required by the City of Orange and its WQMP guidelines, water quality exceedances are not anticipated, and pollutants are not expected in project run-off that would adversely affect beneficial uses in Santiago Creek and Lower Santa Ana River. Therefore, with PDF HWQ-10 that requires the development and implementation of LID, site design, source control, and other BMPs through a project- City of Orange-Draft ElR—May 2013 Page 5.9-31 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality specific WQMP a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. With respect to groundwater, PDF HWQ-10 that requires the development and implementation of site design BMPs, LID features and treatment control BMPs would not cause or contribute to impairments to groundwater quality. BMPs that utilize the process of infiltration, such as permeable pavement and infiltration trenches, require a depth of 10 ft or greater to groundwater to minimize impacts from storm water pollutants in accordance with the OC DAMP and 4`"Term MS4 Permit. Infiltration BMPs include those such as infiltration trenches, infiltration basins, drywells, underground infiltration units, unlined permeable pavement and bioretention cells without underdrains. When properly designed to store and infiltrate the entire Design Capture Volume (DCV), infiltration BMPs are considered highly effective at treating pollutants of concern from a project site. However,the 2011 Model WQMP identifies several site constraints that may limit the use of infiltration BMPs or reduce their treatment effectiveness. These include conditions where the infiltration of storm water would result in significant risk to drinking water and groundwater quality by the presence of shallow groundwater (i.e., less than 10 feet below the BMP), presence of water supply wells within 100 feet of the BMP, presence of existing groundwater contaminants, and other factors that cannot be reasonably and technically mitigated. In addition, infiltration BMPs should not be used in Type D soils and were measured infiltration rates are less than 0.3 inches per hour on-site. Under these situations, infiltration is not recommended and other LID BMPs should be utilized. As a result of the previous on-site mining conditions,various portions of the site have been disturbed and infilled with undocumented and non-engineered compacted artificial fills commonly derived locally; and, which consist of silty to gravelly sand with cobbles, boulders, and local concrete and asphalt fragments. In addition, major portions of the site were used for residue silt deposition(known as silt ponds). In order for the soils to be suitable for development, all undocumented fills will require complete removal and replacement with compacted engineered fill for the support of structures. The engineered fill will consist of clay mixed with granular material and compacted to a minimum 90% compaction for all proposed land uses, creating conditions unsuitable for infiltration within the fill layer itsel£ In certain areas, compaction may be up to 95% compaction dependent upon the specific land use such as high density residential. In addition, infiltration into the younger alluvium below the fill may create conditions for differential settlement of the proposed structure's foundation slabs due to water infiltrating permeable lenses that are laterally variable, creating unsuitable geotechnical conditions.Z For additional information please refer to Appendix G, Geotechnical Investigation. Z Ginter& Associates, Inc. (2011, October 21). Preliminary Geologic and Geotechnical Engineering Investigation and Grading Plan Review for Tentative Tract U344,Rio Santiago Development Site,City of Orange,California. Page 5.9-32 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Due to the extensive amounts of excavation, the depths of engineered fill placed will range from 5 feet to 50 feet in Planning Area B, 40 feet in Planning Area C, and 27 feet to 40 feet in Planning Area D. In most locations, the separation between the bottom of the proposed fill to the historical high groundwater elevations is less than 10 feet, which is the minimum separation required for infiltration in accordance with the 2011 Model WQMP. In portions of the site, groundwater was also observed to be under pressure/head resulting in upward seepage into the undocumented fill, creating instability in the existing soils and is one of the primary reasons for the over-excavation and compaction process.3 The former Villa Park Landfill is located adjacent to Planning Area B (to the west). The direction of groundwater flow moves parallel with the Creek and flows east to west from the project site towards the Landfill. The Model WQMP Technical Guidance Document, Appendix VIII, prohibits the use of infiltration within 250 feet of contaminated sites, and the Orange County Water District (OCWD) has indicated concern over potential infiltration zones up-gradient of the landfill material.4 There are two locations on-site identified as potentially suitable for infiltration of runoff, since these locations have older alluvium and greater separation to groundwater from the bottom of the engineered fill: the western-most portion of Planning Area B and the southern-most portion of Planning Area C. However, the portion in Planning Area C suitable is located at a topographical and grading high point, and does not receive runoff from upstream or other drainage areas on the project site. In addition, this area is located near the 250 feet buffer zone and upstream of the existing landfill area, and OCWD has expressed concerns with infiltration of runoff upstream of the landfill. Similarly, the location in the western part of Planning Area B is located within the 250 feet buffer of the existing landfill, and infiltration is not proposed in this area to protect groundwater quality. As discussed in above, infiltration of runoff will be restricted throughout the majority of the project site due to the extensive excavation & replacement with compacted engineered fill to depths ranging 20 to 50 feet below ground surface. Since groundwater depths are approximately 34 to 52 feet below ground surface, BMPs placed below the engineered fill will not be able to meet the margin of safety required to implement infiltration type BMPs. In addition, infiltration will be restricted within 250 feet and upgradient of the existing Villa Park landfill site to protect groundwater quality. In addition, biotreatment BMPs within these areas will be lined to restrict infiltration. Therefore, a less than significant impact related to violation of any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. 3 Ginter&Associates,Ina (2012,February 27). Infiltration Opportunities,Constraints and Recommendations for Water Quality Treatment Purposes,Rio Santiago Development Site,City of Orange,California. 'Ibid. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-33 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Table 5.9-7: Anticipated and Potential Pollutants of Concern Anticipated and Potential Pollutants Generated by Land Use Type Priority Project d � V� N '� � N y � a — � '''' d a=i � v m � � 3 °� !� Categories = �c d � � a��; � � � 'x � o y � and/or Project fl,�o � w �, � � ` � � o °' °- L °' Features � N d Z � am� a � ~ � o �' � N y = a O V Detached Residential E E N E E E N E Attached Residential E E N E E E��� N E CommerciaU E�>> E�i> E(s� E(3) E(�) E E E Industrial Automotive Repair N N E N N E E E Sho s Restaurants E�'���� E�'� E��� E E��� E N E Hillside Development> E E N E E E N E 5,000 ftz Parking Lots E E�'� E E�4� E�'� E E E Streets,Highways& E E(�) E E�4� E�'� E E E Freeways Notes: E=Expected to be of concem N=Not expected to be of concern Expec[ed pollutant if landscaping or open azea exist on-site,otherwise not expected. Expected pollutant if the project includes uncovered pazking areas,otherwise not expected. Expected pollutant if land use involves food or animal waste products,othenvise not expected. Bacterial indicators are routinely detected in pavement runoff. Expected if outdoor storage or metal roofs,otherwise not expected. Source:Technical Guidance Document, May 2011, Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact relating to violation of any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements and no mitigation measures would be required. Groundwater Supplies/Recharge Threshold HWQ-B Would the proposed project substantially deplete groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwater recharge such that there would be a net deficit in aquifer volume or a lowering of the local groundwater table level (e.g., the production rate of pre-existing nearby wells would drop to a level which would not support existing land uses or planned uses for which permits have been granted)? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(b)] Under the existing conditions, infiltration potential is very minimal on-site due to the excessive silt pond deposits that occurred in the past, bedrock conditions in areas throughout the site, and existing artificial compacted fill areas from previous grading operations. Under the proposed conditions, the majority of the site will be subject to silt pond removals and re-compaction of a clay-based fill to 90% compaction, Page 5.9-34 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality similar to areas of the site that already have significant compacted fill areas. Upon completion of the required removal and compaction process, the majority of the site will have low infiltration potential similar to existing conditions. Implementation of the proposed project would not substantially deplete or interfere with groundwater recharge based on the existing conditions or result in a net deficit of the underlying aquifer or local groundwater table. Therefore, the proposed project as designed would require the capping of the existing on-site well. The proposed project will not include any groundwater wells nor any other features to withdraw groundwater from the existing aquifer. The potential water yuality impacts to groundwater are discussed in Threshold HWQ-A, Water Quality Standards/Discharge Requirements. Therefore,no impact would be anticipated and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to groundwater supplies/recharge and no mitigation measures would be required. Drainage Pattern: Erosion or Siltation Threshold HWQ-C Would the proposed project substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, in a manner which would result in substantial erosion or siltation on-or off-site? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(c)] The proposed project will alter the existing drainage pattern of the site ar area. The proposed project will not alter the course of a stream or river. As provided for in PDF-HWQ-7, the proposed project outlets of storm drain Lines"A"and"B"will be located in the same general vicinity as existing surface flow outlets into Santiago Creek. Concentrated flows in a drainage conduit discharging into a natural area tend to have erosive potential velocities and energy. To compensate for this affect, scour reduction facilities or energy dissipation facilities or both will be provided at each outlet location in order to reduce local erosion potential to non-impactful levels. Therefore, with the implementation of PDRHWQ-7, the project would not substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, in a manner which would result in substantial on-site erosion, on-site siltation, off-site erosion or off-site siltation. A less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required related to the alteration of existing on-site or off-site drainage patterns. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to drainage pattern of the site including through the alternation of the course of a stream or river, in a manner which would result in substantial erosion or siltation on-ar off-site and no mitigation measures would be required. City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.9-35 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Drainage Pattern: Flooding Threshold HWQ-D Would the proposed project substantially alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area, including through the alteration of the course of a stream or river, or substantially increase the rate or amount of surface run-off in a manner which would result in flooding on-or off-site? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(d)] The proposed project would alter existing drainage patterns on the proposed project site. Residential improvements would be confined to Planning Areas C and D. All other planning areas would be reserved as some form of open space or recreational related area use. Proposed project tributary watersheds will continue to drain to Santiago Creek and will enter the Creek as two distinct sub-watersheds (B/C and D). As indicated in Table 5.9-8, Watershed Acreage Comparison, existing and proposed sub-watershed acreages are similar, with the proposed condition acreage being 0.5% smaller (72.43-acres vs. 72.77- acres). Proposed development will generate landform conditions requiring drainage. PDF-1 through PDF-8 will reduce the effect of the alteration of the existing drainage patterns so as to not substantially increase the rate or amount of surface run-off in a manner which would result in flooding on- or off-site. As indicated in Table 5.9-9, 2-Year Volume Amount Comparison, and Table 5.9-10, 100-Year Volume Amount Comparison, proposed project run-off volumes will increase by 0.83 acre-feet in a 2-year event and will decrease by 2.49-acre-feet in a 100-year event. Table 5.9-8: Watershed Acreage Comparison Area Existing Proposed Difference Change Designation Tributary Area Tributary Area (Acres) (%) (Acres) Acres) Planning Area D 43.03 42.91 -0.12 -03 (east) Planning Areas 29.74 29.52 -0.22 -0.8 B/C(west) Total 72.77 72.43 -0.34 -0.5 Source:Appendix J,Hydrology Study Report Table 5.9-9: 2-Year Volume Amount Comparison Area Existing Condition Proposed Condition Difference Change Designation Volume Volume (Ac-Ft) (%) (Ac-Ft) Ac-Ft) Planning Area D 2 15 2.34 +0.19 +g.g (east) Planning Area 1.33 1.97 +0.64 +48.1 B/C(west) Total 3.48 4.31 +0.83 +23.8 Source:Appendix J,Hydrology Study Report Page 5.9-36 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Table 5.9-10: 100-Year Volume Amount Comparison Area Existing Condition Proposed Condition Volume Volume Difference Change Designation Ac-Ft Ac-Ft (Ac-Ft) (%) Planning Area D (east) 15.68 13.19 -2.49 -15.9 Planning Area 9 84 9.77 -0.07 -0.7 B/C(west) Total 25.52 22.96 -2.56 -10.0 Source:Appendix J, Hydrology Study Report PDF HWQ-3 provide two storm drain systems (Lines `A' and `B') consistent with storm drain routing alignments established in the hydrologic analysis. To reduce 2-year run-off volumes to a level consistent with existing conditions, PDF-HWQ-4 will provide a storage facility in the downstream areas of Planning Area B (see Figure 5.9-8, Project Drainage Design Features Map). The type of storage facility will be determined during final design and will be either a surface (basin) facility or an underground vault facility. Regardless, the facility will be sized to retain a minimum of 0.83-acre-feet of storm run-off, if feasible. If infeasible, the post-development runoff 2-year peak flow must be reduced to no greater than 110°/o of the pre-development runoff 2-year peak flow rate through a controlled outlet for the facility. As indicated in Table 5.9-11, 2-Year Peak Flow Rate Comparison, and Table 5.9-12, 100-Year Peak Flow Rate Comparison, 2-year and 100-year proposed project peak flow rates will be neutral or will increase slightly from existing conditions at the Planning Area D storm drain outlet to Santiago Creek, and 2-year and 100-year rates will increase over existing conditions at the Planning Area B/C storm drain outlet to Santiago Creek. Table 5.9-11: 2-Year Peak Flow Rate Comparison Area Existing Condition Proposed Condition Flow Rate Flow Rate Difference Change Designation cfs cfs (cfs) (%) Planning Area D (east) 37•2 39.24 +2.04 +5.5 Planning Area B/C(west) 18•1 23.29 +5.19 +2g,7 Total 55.3 62.53 +�.23 +13.10 Source:Appendix J, Hydrology Study Report City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.9-37 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Table 5.9-12:100-Year Peak Flow Rate Comparison Area Existing Condition Proposed Condition Difference Change >. _, Flow Rate Flow Rate Designation (cfs cfs (cfs) (%) Planning Area D 1269 129.02 +2.12 +1.67 (east) Planning Area 64.7 75.43 +10.73 +16.58 B/C(west) Total 191.6 204.45 +12.85 +6.71 Source:Appendix J, Hydrology Study Report PDF-HWQ-S will reduce Planning Area B/C peak flow rates to a level consistent with existing conditions,the mainline storm drain split flow device utilized to extract storm water to the volume control storage facility described in Item 1 above will also be sized and configured to reduce mainline run-off rates to pre-project levels downstream of the split flow structure. Final type selection and detailing of the split flow structure will occur during final design stages of the project. As indicated in Table 5.9-13, Time of Concentration Comparison, PDF-HWQ-6 will delay Times of Concentration's at the Planning Area D outlet to Santiago Creek and will arrive slightly sooner at the Planning Area B/C outlet to Santiago Creek. Table 5.9-13: Time of Concentration Comparison 2-Year Event 100-Year Event Area Existing Prop Existing Prop Diff Change Diff Change Designation Tc Tc �min) �%) Tc Tc (min) (%) min min) (min) min Planning 13.7 14.9 +1.2 +8.8 11.8 12.6 +0.8 +6.8 Area D (east) Planning Area B/C 20.7 18.5 -2.2 -11.9 16.7 15.8 -0.9 -5.7 (west) Source:Appendix J,Hydrology Study Report Changes in the on-site 100-year event durations (Tc's) will have little effect to Santiago Creek flows as the 100-year hydrograph presented in "Hydraulic and Sediment Transport Report for Rio Santiago" indicates, peak flows in Santiago Creek arrive at the project site 53 hours into the 100-year storm event which far exceeds the 100-year duration of project site flow delivery to Santiago Creek. While hydrographs are not available from Reference 1 for Santiago Creek mainline 2-year event storms, it is widely accepted that events less than 5-year flood have limited discharge and hence transport capacity (scour) consequences on the Creek. Likewise, 2-year event project durations are less than 12% different from pre-project durations and these differences are considered minor. 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I I , _ .:. � �� . l� ` � ° � .�) xA� :.�'`�� � i I � '�i i .1 � � �I i I I i�� � � 1 } { . ��„ � � t 11 �' � y�� .`. �-� -�.aP a.„ 1 i �I oo.a 1 �� '' '�� . y ]--1"_,-, , .i < - .. 1 � � / .+l ' 1 1 � ,��'- ' f ; � x X i � J� � ` ` � � l � ''� i i i -- � ' i `� � ii � i ,r- � � � ; i � �`Y�. .•.___-- �� xa�� , ' i , _. ._.�. �*'� _ , > > � -C�` � � � � � � ; ( i !O cQ ' 1 1 � N � � � rt Q . , m �n . � .. 1 �1 �t i � � � 7 B��/p• X `�' I �� �� \ I z � Q PNtK r ' , � � i i � � O H--� � (l ��GE � � _r 7 � � � � '�, � I �, ' `\ \ � � 111 � � ` � n � 3' m (D l0 �? �' �� � � ���� \�I I i '� � '"'j n � � 111 � L� `�� � N I �\;\ �� � �...,. __.�. ,(� � � o ° � � �� � �.� � ' `, � l 3 °' � ` (>> � � � � - i � �'�,x ,-r � �ZZ '� � _'"�� �� � �K.� S g � � , . . `!� �j (D I -.� -�-"'� ���'��\ .:>_ . �J a �� ,--r -• t � i �%�' / 111 �-- ' � , -• . � ' � � ;y`,_ � -�� � �-�� �,�� ,� ��, 3 �� � � � fp � � . ...,,� I __�`\ �. � ;` ,•�`rd ,� . � ' / � (� � , "` � � �� W 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality As provided for in PDF-HWQ-7, the proposed project Lines "A" and `B" storm drain system outlets will be located in the same general vicinity as existing surface flow outlets into Santiago Creek. Because confined flows in a drainage conduit outletting into a natural area tend to have erosive potential velocities and energy, scour reduction facilities or energy dissipation facilities or both will be provided at each outlet location in order to reduce local erosion potential to non-impactful levels. No changes to the existing Handy Creek drain as it enters Santiago Creek are proposed. The existing energy dissipater will remain. The existing OCFCD Handy Creek Storm Channel traverses the project site and currently accepts 28.13- acres of project site watershed tributary via two sets of on-site inlets (see Figure 5.9-1,Existing Drainage Condition Map). The OCFCD has indicated the Channel to be a "deficient flood control facility and is not capable of conveying run-off from the 100-year storm event." Through the NOP process,the OCFCD has recommended project on-site tributary flows be removed from the Handy Creek Storm Channel system to moderate deficiency in the public channel. As provided for in PDF-HWQ-8, the proposed project will collect, route and outlet project site tributary flows directly to Santiago Creek. Figure 5.9-8, Project Drainage Design Features Map, illustrates the outlet location (Line "A") near the current Handy Creek Storm Channel outlet location. Routing analysis of Line "A" flows is demonstrated in the hydrologic calculations found in Appendix J,Hydrology Study Report. The significance of altering existing drainage patterns on the project site is discussed below by drainage planning areas. Planning Area A The majority of Plaiming Area A would be protected-in-place and re-used for open-space. Planning Area A would include all of the land area northerly of the Santiago Creek, the Santiago Creek bed, both banks and a narrow sliver of ground surface on the south side of the Santiago Creek. North Side of the Santiago C�eek No improvements would occur in Planning Area A on the north side of the Santiago Creek. Storm water run-off would continue to drain directly to Santiago Creek by surface sheet flow and overtopping the north bank. The existing drain inlets entering Santiago Creek from the Mabury Ranch residential community would not be altered. South Side of the Santiago C�eek On the south side of the Santiago Creek, a series of regional trails are planned to lie adjacent to the residential development areas. The trails would stabilize the upper edge of the Santiago Creek bank and would be pitched to drain away from the Creek so that no erosive effects of surface flow overtopping the top of the bank would occur. The trail run-off would be collected by inlets on the trail and be conveyed in a storm drain which would eventually connect to the development area storm drain systems prior to outletting into Santiago Creek, if applicable. The construction of the trails would result in a very slight increase in imperviousness in Planning Area A, however the collection of trail run-off and confluencing Page 5.9-40 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality with development area storm drains along with Project Design Features (PDFs) proposed for those systems would ensure run-off outletting into Santiago Creek will be less than existing conditions. Therefore, a less than si�;nificant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required related to the increase in flow conditions from Planning Area A. Planning Area B Recreational open space uses are proposed for Planning Area B. These improvements would consist of habitable and non-habitable building structures, that may include up to 81,000 square feet of community serving recreational buildings [please refer to Section 3.0,Project Description and Section 5.1,Aesthetics for a full list of uses (permitted and conditional) for Planning Area B), access roads, parking lots, pedestrian walkways, athletic fields and landscaping that would replace the existing natural ground surface. The proportion of existin�; pervious ground cover would decrease as it is replaced with new impervious improvements. This replacement would generally result in a decrease to the natural infiltration rate as well as provide a shorter h�ydrologic Time of Concentration (Tc). A shorter Tc would tend to increase the post-development run-off rate. To ensure post-development run-off rates and volumes are consistent with pre-development conditio�ns, several techniques in the form of PDFs will be integrated into the on-site drainage system. To capture, convey and dispose of the post-development storm water run-off, PDF HWQ-1 and PDF HWQ-3, an on-site storm drain system is proposed for installation throughout Planning Area B. PDF HWQ-2, the proper sizing of the storm drain system to agency criteria and standards, will ensure on-site flooding does not occur. ;PDF HWQ-6, a circuitous storm drain flow path alignment, would be provided to lengthen the Tc. A cir•cuitous flow path route would tend to increase the post-development Tc. By generating an increased T'c, this technique would tend to reduce to the greatest extent practicable, the post-development run-off�rate towards a match of the pre-development rate. PDF HWQ-4 has been provided to provide a storage facility in the downstream areas of Planning Area B. A diversion structure will be provided from the on-site storm drain system described in PDF HWQ-3 to divert a portion of on-site starm water run-off into the storage facility. The type of starage facility will be determined during final design and will be either a surface (basin) facility or an underground vault facility. The proposed facility will be sized to retain/detain a minimum of 0.83-acre feet of storm run-off and, if detained, match pre-development 2-year peak flow rates to within 110% of pre-development condition. The outlet will drain and connect back into the on-site starm drain system prior to the storm drain system outlet into Santiago Creek. PDF HWQ-5 has been provided to reduce Planning Area B/C peak flow rates to a level consistent with existing conditions. This will be accomplished by the use of the same diversion structure and storage facility described in PDF ��WQ-4 above. The diversion and storage of portions of storm water run-off in the storage facility and subsequent release and reconnection to the on-site storm drain system will delay City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-41 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality and reduce the peak flow run-off rate leaving the planning area. The facility will be sized and configured to reduce mainline run-off rates to pre-project levels. Final type selecting and detailing of the storage facility and diversion structure will occur during the final design stages of the project. The storm drain system would have an outlet pipe at the westerly end of the planning area that would outlet on-site project storm water run-off into Santiago Geek. PDF HWQ-7 has been provided to mitigate for the high flow velocity associated with confined flow exiting the drainage conduit which outlets into a natural area. The purpose of the scour reduction facility (rip-rap blankets), energy dissipation facility, or both would be to dissipate energy in the flowing water departing the outlet pipe. Energy dissipation would reduce flow velocity and mitigate any impact that the increased flow rate may have on the existing bed and bank of Santiago Creek. Therefore, with the implementation of the PDFs described above, a less than significant impact would occur in Planning Area B and no mitigation measures would be required related to the alteration of existing on-site drainage patterns. Planning Area C Age-qualified residences would occupy Planning Area C. These facilities would consist of numerous building structures, access roads, pedestrian walkways and landscaping that would replace the existing natural ground surface. As a result,the proportion of existing pervious ground cover would decrease as it is replaced with new impervious improvements. This replacement would generally result in a decrease to the natural infiltration rate as well as provide a shorter hydrologic Time of Concentration (Tc). A shorter Tc would tend to increase the post-development run-off rate. To ensure post-development run-off rates and volumes are consistent with pre-development conditions, several techniques in the form of Project Design Features will be integrated into the on-site drainage system. Because Planning Areas B and C form one on-site drainage sub-watershed and share a common storm drain system, some of the PDFs serving Planning Area C are located in Planning Area B. To capture, convey, and dispose of the post-development storm water run-off, PDF-HWQ-1 and PDF HWQ-3, an on-site storm drain system is proposed for installation throughout Planning Area C. PDF HWQ-2, the proper sizing of the storm drain system to agency criteria and standards, will ensure on-site flooding does not occur. PDF HWQ-6, a circuitous storm drain flow path alignment, would be provided to lengthen the Tc. A circuitous flow path route would tend to increase the post-development Tc. By generating an increased Tc, this technique would tend to reduce to the greatest extent practicable, the post-development run-off rate towards a match of the pre-development rate. PDF HWQ-4 and PDF HWQ-5 have been provided in the form of a mainline storm drain diversion structure and a starage facility to detain increased run-off volume amounts and to reduce mainline run-off rates to pre-project levels that are caused by the impervious factors associated with the new project. These features will be located in Planning Area B but will serve Planning Area C as well. Page 5.9-42 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Therefore, with the imple;mentation of the PDFs described above, a less than significant impact would occur in Planning Area C and no mitigation measures would be required related to the alteration of existing on-site drainage��atterns. Planning Area D Single-family residences would occupy Planning Area D. This planning area would consist of numerous single-family residences, private streets, pedestrian walkways and landscaping that would replace the existing natural ground surface. As a result, the proportion of existing pervious ground cover would decrease as it is replaced with new impervious improvements. This replacement would generally result in a decrease to the natural ;mfiltration rate as well as provide a shorter hydrologic Time of Concentration (Tc). A shorter Tc woizld tend to increase the post-development run-off rate. To ensure post- development run-off rat��s and volumes are consistent with pre-development conditions, several techniques in the form of l'DFs will be integrated into the on-site drainage system. To capture, convey, and �dispose of the post-development storm water run-off, PDF HWQ-1 and PDF HWQ-3, an on-site storm drain system is proposed for installation throughout Planning Area D. PDF HWQ-2, the proper sizing, of the storm drain system to agency criteria and standards, will ensure on-site flooding does not occur. PDF HWQ-6, a circuitous storm drain flow alignment, would be provided to lengthen the Tc. A circiiitous flow path route would tend to increase the post-development Tc. By generating an increased T'c, this technique would tend to reduce to the greatest extend practicable, the post-development run-off rate towards a match of the pre-development rate. Because Planning Area D would construct a storm drain system that would outlet on-site project storm water run-off directly into Santiago Creek, PDF HWQ-7 has been provided to mitigate for the high flow velocity associated with confined flow exiting the drainage conduit into a natural area. The purpose of the scour reduction facility, (rip-rap blankets), energy dissipation facility, or both, would be to dissipate energy in the flowing water departing the outlet pipe. Energy dissipation would reduce flow velocity and mitigate any impact that the flow rate may have on the existing bed and bank of Santiago Creek. The existing OCFCD Handy Geek Storm Channel traverses the project site and currently accepts 28.13- acres of project site watershed tributary via two sets of on-site inlets (see Figure 5.9-1, Existing Drainage Condition Map). The OCFCD has indicated the Channel to be a "deficient flood control facility and is not capable of conveying run-off from the 100-year storm event." Through the NOP process,the OCFCD has recommended project on-site tributary flows be removed from the Handy Creek Storm Channel system to moderate defici:ency in the public channel. As provided for in PDF-HWQ-8, the proposed project will collect, route, and outlet project site tributary flows directly to Santiago Creek and eliminate the current on-site direct connections to the Handy Creek Storm Channel. Figure 5.9-8,Project Drainage Design Features Map, illustrates the outlet location (Line "A") near the current Handy Creek Storm Channel outlet location. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-43 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Therefore, with the implementation of the PDFs described above, a less than significant impact would occur in Planning Area D and no mitigation measures would be required related to the alteration of existing on-site drainage patterns. Overall, the proposed project would alter the existing drainage pattern of the site or area. As indicated above, PDF-1 through PDF-8 will reduce the effect of the alteration of the existing drainage patterns. Therefore, a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to alteration of existing drainage patterns of the project site, including through the alternation of the course of a stream or river, or substantially increase the rate or amount of surface run-off in a manner which would result in flooding on-or off-site and no mitigation measures would be required. Drainage System Capacity/Polluted Run-off Threshold HWQ-E Would the proposed project create or contribute run-off water which would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems or provide substantial additional sources of polluted run-off? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(e)] Proposed development will generate landform conditions requiring drainage. PDF-1 through PDF-8 will reduce the effect of the alteration of the existing drainage patterns so as to not exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems. The proposed project will potentially provide additional sources of polluted run-off during construction and operational phases. Construction As discussed in detail under Threshold HWQ-A, Water Quality Standards/Discharge Requirements, during construction activities, excavated soil would be exposed, and there would be an increased potential for soil erosion during storm events compared to existing conditions. Grading activities and sediment stockpiles, in particular, can lead to exposed areas of loose soil that are susceptible to uncontrolled sheet flow. Raw materials and construction wastes are also potential sources of pollution that would previously not be on-site. These impacts would be potentially significant and adverse. However, implementation of PDF HWQ-9 would help to prevent these potential impacts during construction. The Best Managed Practices(BMPs)for construction activities are briefly discussed below: • Erosion control BMPs, such as hydraulic mulch, soil binders, geotextiles and mats, protect the soil surface by covering and/or binding the soil particles. Temporary earth dikes or drainage swales may also be employed to divert runoff away from exposed areas and into more suitable locations. If implemented correctly, erosion controls can effectively reduce the sediment loads entrained in storm water runoff from construction sites. Page 5.9-44 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality • Sediment control� are designed to intercept and filter out soil particles that have been detached and transported by the force of water. All storm drain inlets on the project site or within the -� project vicinity (i.e., along streets immediately adjacent to the project boundary) should be adequately protected with an impoundment (i.e., gravel bags) around the inlet and equipped with a sediment filter (i.e., fiber roll). They should also be placed around areas of soil disturbing activities, such as grading or clearing. • Stabilize all cons�ruction entrance/exit points to reduce the tracking of sediments onto adjacent streets. Wind erosion controls should be employed in conjunction with tracking controls. • Non-starm water management BMPs prohibit the discharge of materials other than storm water, as well as reduce the potential for pollutants from discharging at their source. Examples include: avoiding paving and grinding operations during the wet season where feasible, and performing any vehicle equipment cleaning, fueling and maintenance in designated areas that are adequately protected and con�tained. � Waste management consists of implementing procedural and structural BMPs for collecting, handling, storing and disposing of wastes generated by a construction project to prevent the release of waste materials into storm water discharges. Therefore, with the PDF HWQ-9 that requires adherence to local and State regulatory requirements for construction activities, a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be � required during construction. Post-Construction Due to the proposed change in land use, the amount of run-off will increase and additional pollutant sources will be introduced to the project site. As discussed in detail in Threshold HWQ-A, Water Quality Standards/Discharge Reqz�irements, the proposed project includes PDF HWQ-10, which incorporates site design, source control, Low Impact Design(LID)(i.e., bioretention) and other BMPs. For each Planning Area, LID features have been incorporated into the proposed land uses to provide water quality treatment and flow attenuation. The following principles are being followed for the project and will be supported by construction level documents in the final Water Quality Management Plans (WQMPs)per each phase �of development and prior to grading permit(s) issuance by the City: • Where feasible, LID features will be sized for water quality treatment credit according to local Regional Board siizing criteria as defined in the 4`�' Term MS4 Storm Water Permit for either flow-based or volume-based BMPs. There will be a significant effort to integrate LID techniques within the internal development areas (site design objectives), thereby providing treatment of low-flow runoff directly at the source and runoff reduction of small (i.e., more frequent) storm event runoff(first-flush). In most instances, LID features will be sized by volume-based analyses � to demonstrate cornpliance with the required Design Capture Volume(DCV)for the Project. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-45 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality • All LID features identified in this report and in the Preliminary WQMP are preliminary in nature but have been sized to show their relative footprint requirements for technical planning purposes (siting, treatment volumes, typical profiles, etc.). Upon further site planning, it is expected that the LID footprint shown will be further broken-up and incorporated into the upstream development area. Detailed drainage calculations, grading, and confirmation of sizing to occur during the detailed design phase and subsequent WQMP documentation. • Where feasible, LID features will be designed in accordance with feasibility criteria as defined in the new Countywide Model WQMP (submitted May 2010, approved by RWQCB in May 2011, implementation date August 2011). Further details on LID BMP feasibility are included in the Community-wide Preliminary WQMP (March 2012). • For those areas of the project where infiltration is not recommended or feasible and harvest/reuse landscaping demands are insufficient, biotreatment LID features will be designed to treat runoff and discharge controlled effluent flows to downstream receiving waters. The OC DAMP and 2011 Model WQMP identifies example site design BMPs to be implemented where applicable and feasible. Several site design measures are listed below that will be applicable to the Planning Areas within the proposed project: • Maximize the permeable area. This can be achieved in various ways, including, but not limited to increasing building density(number of stories above or below ground) and increasing the amount of landscaping versus the existing condition. Decreasing the project's footprint can reduce the project's impacts to water quality and hydrologic conditions; • Construct walkways, trails, patios, overflow parking lots, alleys, driveways, low-traffic streets and other low-traffic areas with open jointed paving materials or permeable surfaces, such as pervious concrete,porous asphalt, unit pavers, and granular materials; � Construct streets, sidewalks and parking lot aisles to the minimum widths necessary, provided that public safety and a walk able environment far pedestrians are not compromised; • Incorporate landscaped buffer areas between sidewalks and streets; • Maximize canopy interception and water conservation by preserving existing native trees and shrubs, and planting additional native or drought tolerant trees and large shrubs; • Where soils conditions are suitable, use perfarated pipe or gravel filtration pits for low flow infiltration; Page 5.9-46 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality • Where landscaping is proposed, drain rooftops into adjacent landscaping prior to discharging to the storm drain. Drain impervious sidewalks, walkways, trails, and patios into adjacent - •- landscaping; • Increase the use of vegetated drainage swales in lieu of underground piping or imperviously lined swales; � Design driveways with shared access, flared (single lane at street) or wheel strips (paving only under tires); or, drain into landscaping prior to discharging to the municipal storm drain system; and/or Implementation of these features will mitigate the anticipated changes in pollutant sources and provide protection to local receiving waters. The manner in which this will be accomplished is described as follows: 1. As indicated in Table 5.9-9, 2-Year Volume Amount Comparison, and Table 5.9-10, 100-Year Volume Amount Comparison, proposed project runoff volumes will increase by 0.83 acre-feet in a 2-year event and will decrease by 2.49-acre-feet in a 100-year event. To reduce 2-year runoff volumes to a level consistent with existing conditions, a mainline starm drain diversion structure will divert a port�on of storm runoff to a starage facility in the downstream areas of Planning Area B (PDF HVVQ-4). The type of storage facility will be determined during final design and will be either a surface (basin) facility or an underground vault facility. Regardless, the facility �`�� will be sized to detain a minimum of 0.83-acre-feet of storm runoff and include an outlet to drain the facility within 48-hours after a rain event has ended. 2. As indicated in Table 5.9-11, 2-Year Peak Flow Rate Comparison, and Table 5.9-12, 100-Year Peak Flow Rate Comparison, 2-year and 100-year proposed project peak flow rates will be neutral or will increase from existing conditions at the Planning Area D storm drain outlet to Santiago Creek, and 2-year and 100-year rates will increase over existing conditions at the Planning Area B/C storm drain outlet to Santiago Creek. To reduce peak flow rates to a level consistent with e:�isting conditions, the mainline starm drain diversion structure and volume control storage facility described in Item 1 above will also function to reduce mainline runoff rates to pre-project levels downstream of the split flow structure. Final type selection and detailing of the diuersion structure and storage facility will occur during final design stages of the project. 3. As indicated in T'able 5.9-13, Time of Concentration Comparison, proposed project Times of Concentration's will be delayed at the Planning Area D outlet to Santiago Creek and will arrive slightly sooner at the Planning Area B/C outlet to Santiago Creek. Changes in the on-site 100- year event durations will have little effect to Santiago Creek flows as the 100-year hydrograph indicates peak flo�vs in Santiago Creek arrive at the project site 53 hours into the 100-year storm event which far exceeds the 100-year duration of project site flow delivery to Santiago Creek City of Orange-Draft EIR—May?013 Page 5.9-47 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality mainline 2-year event storms, it is widely accepted that events less than 5-year flood have limited discharge and hence transport capacity (scour) consequences on the creek. Likewise, 2-year event project durations are less than 12% different from pre-project durations and these differences are considered minor. Therefore, no impact related to the contribution of runoff water exceeding the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Additionally, with PDF HWQ-10 that requires the development and implementation of LID, site design, source control, and other BMPs through a project-specific WQMP, a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to drainage system capacity and pollutant run-off and no mitigation measures would be required. Degrade Water Quality Threshold HWQ-F Would the proposed project otherwise substantially degrade water quality? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(�] The proposed project includes PDF HWQ-9 that would help to prevent potential impacts during construction through the development and implementation of site specific SWPPP. The SWPPP would include erosion and sediment control BMPs that would meet or exceed measures required by the General Construction Permit (GCP), as well as BMPs that control other potential construction-related pollutants. Additionally, the proposed project includes PDF HWQ-10 that requires compliance with the 2011 Countywide Model WQMP including site design, LID, source control and other BMPs. Within the Hydrology and Water Quality impact analysis section, each Planning Area has identified appropriate LID features to provide water quality treatment and flow attenuation. Through the implementation of these LID features, water quality exceedances are not anticipated, and pollutants are not expected in project run-off that would degrade water quality in the Santiago Creek (Reach 1) and Lower Santa Ana River (Reach 1 & 2). Therefore, with PDF HWQ-9 and PDF HWQ-10 that require substantial conformance with local and state regulatory requirements for construction and post-construction operations a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to degrading water quality and no mitigation measures would be required. Page 5.9-48 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Housing Placement: Flood Hazard Area Threshold HWQ-G VNould the proposed project place housing within a 100-year flood hazard area as rriapped on a federal Flood Hazard Boundary or Flood Insurance Rate Map or other flood hazard delineation map? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(g)] According to the Federal Emergency Administration Flood(FEMA)Insurance Rate Map 06059C0158J, a portion of the project site, specifically Planning Area A, is within a mapped 100-year flood hazard area. However, the proposed ��roject would not place housing or habitable structures, specifically Planning Areas B, C and D within a 100-year flood hazard area mapped on a Federal Flood Hazard Boundary or Flood Insurance Rate Map or other flood hazard delineation map. Accarding to the Federal Emergency Administration Flood Insurance Rate Map, the proposed housing and habitable structures on the project site (Planning Areas B, C and D) are within Zone X (Other Flood Areas) which is not considered to be within a mapped 100-year flood hazard area. Therefore, no impact related to housing and habitable structures within a 100-year flood hazard area would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to housing placement in flood hazard area and no mitigal;ion measures would be required. Structure: Impede or Redirect Flood Flow Threshold HWQ-H Would the proposed project place within a 100-year flood hazard area structures which would impede or redirect flood flow? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(h)] According to the Federal Emergency Administration Flood Insurance Rate Map 06059C0158J, a portion of the project site, specifically Planning Area A, is within a mapped 100-year flood hazard area. However, the proposed project would not place housing or habitable structures, specifically Planning Areas B, C, and D within a 100-year flood hazard area mapped on a Federal Flood Hazard Boundary or Flood Insurance Rate Map or other flood hazard delineation map. According to the Federal Emergency Administration Flood Insurance Rate Map, the proposed housing and habitable structures on the project site (Planning Areas B, C and D) are within Zone X (Other Flood Areas) which is not considered to be within a mapped 100-year flood hazard area. Improvements that will occur within Planning Area A, specifically the regional tr;�il improvement along the southerly edge consisting of grading and paving, will also occur outside of the nnapped floodway Zone AE (SFHA) boundary. Therefore, no impact related to structures within a 100-year flood hazard area which would impede or redirect flood flow would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to structures which would impede or redirect flood flows and no mitigation measures would be required. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May?.013 Page 5.9-49 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Flooding Threshold HWQ-I Would the proposed project expose people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury or death involving flooding, including flooding as a result of the failure of a levee or dam? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(i)] Two dams are present along Santiago Creek: Villa Park Dam and Santiago Dam (Irvine Lake). Both are located in the foothill areas of east Orange and are upstream of the project site. Santiago Dam The Santiago Dam is a roller compacted earth and rockfill structure 136 feet (41 m) high and 1,425 feet (434 m) long. It is roughly 760 feet (230 m) wide at the base and contains some 790,000 cubic yards (600,000 m3) of material. The construction of the dam started in 1929 and was completed in 1931. The Dam's spillway is a concrete overflow structure to the left side, equipped with nine openings each 15 feet (4.6 m) wide and 28 feet (8.5 m) high, able to pass a flow exceeding 30,000 cubic feet per second (850 m3/s). This spillway has only been used a few times, such as the floods of 1938, 1969, 1983, 1998 and 2005. The Dam crest is 804 feet (245 m) above sea level. The Dam and reservoir receive water from a catchment area totaling 64 square miles (170 km2), controlling water from about two-thirds of the Santiago Creek watershed. Santiago Dam is designed to contain up to a 50-year flood and withstand a 500-year flood of over 30,000 cubic feet per second (850 m3/s). It is currently owned by the Irvine Ranch Water District and the Serrano Water District (the former Serrano Irrigation District). Today the dam marks the usual ending point of surface flow in Santiago Creek, as all the discharge is retained in the reservoir and downstream flow is limited to seepage and starmwater. Villa Park Dam The Villa Park Dam that forms the Villa Park Reservoir was completed in 1963. Villa Park Dam is a flood control dam located downstream from Santiago Dam. It is an earthfill structure with a capacity of 15,600 acres-feet and is owned by the Orange County Flood Control District. According to Herb Nakasone (County of Orange), County staff operates and maintains the Villa Park Dam to provide maximum flood protection to downstream residents and businesses and is prepared to respond to emergencies if necessary. A County staff person lives on the Villa Park Dam site perpetually monitoring and operating storm discharges from the Dam to maximize storage behind the Dam thereby providing maximum flood protection. Santiago Dam also has a dam keeper on-site at all times. A 24 hour, seven day week operational plan with trained personnel who understand the operations of the Dam is ready to be implemented in the event a storm is anticipated to fill the storage behind the Dam and control discharges are necessary 24 hours a day. Damage or failure to the Dam is highly unlikely scenario. Villa Park Dam performed exceptional well during the major storm events of 1969 providing even more assurance of its structural stabilities. Nonetheless,the County's Emergency Operations Center(EOC), managed by the Sheriffls Department, is prepared to respond to such an emergency event. The EOC has an Operational Plan for such an Page 5.9-50 City of Orange-Draft EIR-May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality emergency and is staffed with representatives from Orange County Public Works, Sheriffls Department, Orange County Fire Autlhority, Red Cross, Orange County Department of Education and other County , Departments as necessary. The Sheriffls Communications Center is at the EOC and is able to communicate directly with all City police departments in Orange County to inform cities directly and quickly of emergency conditions. The EOC has flood inundatiar►maps which identifies evacuation limits should the unlikely event of dam break occur and evacuation is necessary. The Executive Committee of the Orange County Emergency Operations which includes representatives from cities and special districts meets regularly to discuss and coordinate emergency o��erational requirements. Villa Park Dam, along with all dams owned by the Orange County Flood Control District, is inspected yearly by County staff and also by the State Division of Dam Safety on a regular basis. Dam Failure The areas below (downst�ream from) the dams are areas of potential flood hazard in case of catastrophic dam failure. There is no published data on the potential velocity of the water traveling across the project site should there be a darn failure. According to the City's General Plan Public Safety Element, "these facilities are maintained and safety-inspected to ensure that risks are minimized." In addition, the Safety Element indicates that the Santiago Dam/Irvine Lake were not intended or designed to serve as flood control facilities and, if these facilities failed, flooding would occur to the properties located along Santiago Creek and a larg��portion of Old Town. Santiago Creek is a major tributary of the Santa Ana River. It originates on the western slope of Santiago Peak in the Santa Ana Mountains. From there, it generally flows in a northwest direction through the Cleveland Nation Forest, the Irvine Ranch, the Irvine Regional Park and the Santiago Oaks Regional Park. As it departs the Santiago Oaks Regional Park, it enters the project site and flows generally in a southwesterly direction. Approximately two miles upstream of the project site along the flow path of Santiago Creek, the path is interrupted by the presence of the existing Villa Park Dam. The Villa Park Dam is owned and operat�d by the Orange County Flood Control District. Three miles further upstream of the Villa Park Dam, tYte existing Irvine Lake Santiago Reservoir Dam again interrupts the Santiago Creek flow path. The Irvine Lake Santiago Reservoir Dam is owned and operated by the Irvine Ranch Water District. Dam owners are required to prepare maps showing potential inundation areas due to catastrophic dam failures. There have been a total oi'45 dam failures in California. Failures have occurred for a variety of reasons, the most common failure being overtopping. Other dams have failed due to specific shortcomings in the dam itself or an inadequate assessment of the surrounding geomorphologic characteristics. The first notable dam failure occurred in 1883 in Sierra County, while the most recent failure occurred in 1965. The greatest catastrophe relating to California dam failures was William Mulholland's St. Francis Dam, which failed in 1928. Overall, there have been a least 460 deaths from dam failures in California according to a report prepared by the University of California at Davis. City of Orange-Draft E/R—May:�013 Page 5.9-51 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Public concern for the safety of dams resulted in the adoption of the Nation Dam Inspection Act in 1972, which authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to inventory and inspect all non-Federal dams. Continued interest in dam safety was evidenced in the passing of the Water Resources and Development Act of 1996 and the Dam Safety and Security Act of 2002. The project site lies within the inundation limits and would be vulnerable to flooding resulting from a catastrophic failure of either of the dams. Dam failure inundation is not normally used as a land-use planning constraint, since one of the benefits of dam construction is to prevent periodic flooding of land downstream of the dam or at other areas that would otherwise be underutilized or unusable in the absence of the dam. However, since dam failures are well documented, governing agencies have developed Emergency Response Plans (ERP's) designed to provide first responder services in the unlikely event of failure followed by inundation flooding. In the case of the project site,two ERP's are in place. The City and the County of Orange have both incorporated ERP's as Safety Element Overlays into their respective General Plans. Emergency needs resulting from inundation flooding would be met by both City and County emergency personnel. The project geotechnical consultant has reviewed documentation pertaining to dam construction, past performance and earthquake faults in the vicinity of the dams to evaluate the impacts due to dam failure and ensuing inundation flooding. Based on the information provided in the Draft EIR, Appendix G, Geotechnical Investigation, there is only a very low risk of catastrophic failure considering the past favorable dam inspection reports, the remote location of active faults in the area, the factor of safety and stringent design criteria used in modern dam design and construction. As such, they are considered to be safe for continued use. The project civil engineering consultant has reviewed documentation pertaining to dam failure flood wave travel time between the Santiago Reservoir and the project site, and between the Villa Park Dam and the project site. The documentation consists of Appendix I, Hydrology Study Report, Attachment C, Dam Reservoir Failure Annex Background, Water Timeline, Notification and Inundation Maps contained within the Dam/Reservoir Failure Annex of the Orange County Operational Area Emergency Action Plan. According to this documentation, the times listed Table 5.9-14, Dam Failure Flood Wave Travel Time indicate the time it would take a flood wave from each dam site to reach the Santiago Canyon and Orange Park Boulevard location, e.g.,the approximate location ofthe project site. Table 5.9-14: Dam Failure Flood Wave Travel Time Dam Distance to Site Time Santiago Reservoir 5.0 miles 225 min. Villa Park Dam 1.55 miles 105 min. Source:Appendix J,Hydrology Study Report Page 5.9-52 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Based on U.S. Geologicail Survey(USGS) Farecasting California Earthquakes Report, there is a 59%that the Southern San Andreas Fault would have the probability of one or more magnitude 6.7 or greater quake in 30-year probabilities. However, if in a highly unlikely circumstance a dam break were to occur, the project site would be in the path of inundation that would cover the majority of the proposed project site. Therefore,the following impact would have the potential to occur and mitigation is proposed: Impact HWQ-1: T'he proposed project would have the potential to be in the path of inundation was a dam break to occur. MM HWQ-1: In compliance with the California Natural Hazards Disclosure Act (California C'ivil Code § 1103), prior to the occupancy of any on-site uses a disclosure shall b�e provided to the future purchasers or occupants of the property. Additionally, it will be the purchasers/owners responsibility to notify any and all subsequent users, occupants, and/or tenants of said disclosure. The disclosure shall state that the project lies within the inundation zone, and that emergency response plans are in place and if needed would be implemented as provided in MM HWQ-2. The notification shall be made through escrow instructions at the time of purchase or sooner as needed. MM HWQ-2 Pxior to the issuance of any building permit in Planning Areas C and D, the project applicant shall provide an Emergency Evacuation Plan to the City for review and approval, incorporating the following recommendations: Evacuation Elements. The Emergency Management Program shall include the fallowing evacuation elements: 1. Finalized specific City Fire Department access routes shall be defined in accordance with the City Fire Department standards and CBC and CFC requirements. Each route shall be clearly identified to assist the City Fire Department with site access strategies. 2. Finalized specific City Fire Department staging areas shall be defined. Each staging area shall be established to assist the City Fire Department with coordinate site access/response strategies. 3. The structural integrity and performance of the age-qualified units against flooding shall be established in the Operations and Management Program. Operations and Management Program. The Emergency Management Program shall be developed to coordinate response efforts and evacuation strategies in the event of an emergency affecting a portion or entire Rio Santiago development. The Emergency Management Program shall include the following elements: City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 Page 5.9-53 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality 1. Emergency Management Team Structure: The Team structure will identify emergency response resources that are available to respond to the incident, how they can be accessed, and how they can be utilized during an incident. The emergency response team may include, but not be limited to, facility owners, facility operators, facility occupants, law enforcement, public fire services, rescue and medical response teams, and environmental and utility departments or agencies. 2. Emergency Management Response Protocols: Such protocols shall include, but not be limited to, crisis communication and public information dissemination,protective actions for life safety, and resource management. 3. Emergency Media Program: An emergency media program shall include, but not be limited to, plans and procedures to disseminate and respond to requests for pre-incident, incident, and post-incident information to and from internal audiences such as employees or external audiences including the media and special needs populations. 4. Emergency Evacuation Response Protocols and Information: Such protocols shall include, but not be limited to, relocation of occupants to specific areas of the site, complete and immediate evacuation of all occupants from the site, or phased evacuation of the site. 5. Local Authority Coordination Protocols: Such protocols shall include, but not be limited to, staging locations, site access points, direct and alternate routes to the site, and emergency communications. 6. Emergency Management Program Documents/Forms: Such documents and forms shall include, but not be limited to, a pre-incident plan, building infarmation, and emergency management team contact information. Flooding Program. The Flooding Program hall be developed to coordinate preparation and response steps to be taken in the event of a flooding from a dam failure emergency is reported and/ar is predicted due to weather or other conditions. The Flood Program shall consider and incorporate the existing protocols for dam monitoring and emergency response procedures utilized by both dam operators, as described earlier in this report. The City shall review and approve the Flooding Program prior to issuance of any building permit in Planning Areas C and D. The Flood Program shall include the following elements: 1. Flood Response Procedures and Strategies: Such procedures and strategies shall include, but not be limited to, staging and coordination areas, strategies for evacuation or relocation of facility occupants, and staff responsibilities. Page 5.9-54 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality 2. Flood Barriers and Location Information: This infortnation will identify the location and description of flood barriers that should be considered during any flood incident which may impact the onset time of dangerous conditions. 3.. Shelter-In Place/Phased Evacuation Strategies: The flood program will identify strategies for either relocation of occupants within the site to designated areas or evacuation of the project site, depending on the conditions of the incident. 4. Local Authority Coordination Strategies: Such protocols shall include, but not be limited to, staging locations, site access points, direct and alternate routes to the site, hazardous conditions on site, and emergency communications. 5. Flood Inundation Communication Protocols (Residents and Responders): Such protocols shall include, but not be limited to, emergency communication between responders, residents, and staf£ The protocols shall identify the message content that needs to be sent, requested, and received between levels and functions of the residents and responders and identify the communication mechanisms to execute such communication (human, systems,tools, networks). 6. Mutual Aid Agreements—For coordination of age qualified units that may need assistance: Such agreements may include, but not be limited to, cooperative assistance agreements with private organizations or government bodies, adjacent developments, and local organizations as a means for one entity to provide resources, services, and other required support to another entity during an incident. A�ccess/Egress Routes. The City shall be included in the overall review and development of the access/egress routes, staging areas, etc. to assist in the caordination of response efforts upon their arrival to the development. Exnergency Management Training Program. Emergency Management Training Program shall be developed prior to the occupancy of the development and be presented to the defined Emergency Management Team responsible for co�ordination of emergency response and evacuation steps. The Emergency Management Training Program shall include: 1. Emergency Management Classroom Training Program—Staff 2. Emergency Management Table-Top Exercises—Staff 3. Emergency Management Full-Scale Exercise—Staff and Residents City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-55 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Resident Emergency Management Guide. A Resident Emergency Management Guide shall be developed and provided to all residents of the development to identify information the residents should understand in the event of an emergency. This guide should serve as a basic outline for residents to use in the event of a flood from a dam failure emergency and what they should do and/or expect from the management and the City. Additionally, PDF PS-4 requires that prior to the issuance of the grading or building permit, the project applicant shall submit to the Police Chief or designee, and Community Development Director or designee, a Construction Phase Emergency Access Plan. PDF PS-5 requires that prior to the approval of the grading plan or issuance of the first grading or building permit, the project applicant shall submit to the Police Chief or designee, and Community Development Director or designee, an applicant funded Operations Emergency Access Plan far on-going proposed project operations showing all proposed means of emergency access for both police and other emergency personnel into and around the proposed project. PDF HAZ-8 requires that individualized Emergency Evacuation Plans (EEP) shall be prepared for each planning area by the project applicant to the satisfaction of City Emergency Responder Department reviewing Staff. The EEP shall be based on initial anticipated occupancy of the planning area. The EEP shall be reviewed and revised every five years or when a significant change in structure use occurs within a planning area. The EEP shall be reviewed by the Directors of Community Development and Public Works and approved by the Police and Fire Departments prior to the occupancy of the first structure in each individual Planning Area. Even with implementation of the recommendations in the EEAS, it would not be possible to completely eliminate the risks associated with potential dam failure. The project design component for mitigation to dam break failure has been considered and it is concluded it is unfeasible to raise the site grading to a level that would mitigate this significant unavoidable condition. Mitigation Measures HWQ-1 and HWQ-2 would not reduce the potential impact (Impact HWA-1) and this potential impact remains a significant unavoidable impact. This is because no mitigation measure can completely eliminate the risk of loss, injury, or death involving flooding as a result of the failure of a levee or dam. Further, future property purchasers or occupants will be informed that flood insurance is available to insure their properties against loss in the event of inundation from a dam break and purchasers or occupants are encouraged to purchase such insurance policies at their discretion. The disclosure would state that the project lies within the inundation zone and that emergency response plans are in place and if needed would be implemented. The notification would be made through escrow instructions at the time of purchase or sooner as needed and would be attached to the proposed project as a condition of approval prior to occupancy. Based on the City's General Plan Safety Element,these dam facilities are maintained and safety-inspected to ensure that risks are minimized; the information provided in Draft EIR, Appendix G, Geotechnical Investigation suggests that only a very low risk of catastrophic failure exists considering the past favorable dam inspection reports, the remote location of active faults in the area and the factor of safety Page 5.9-56 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality and stringent design crite�ria used in modern dam design and construction; and, with the incorporation of Mitigation Measure MM HWQ-1 and MM HWQ-2, the potential impact would be reduced; however, not to a less than significant level. Therefore, this would remain a significant unavoidable impact due to the potential for a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving flooding, including flooding as a result of the failure of a levee or dam. Level of Significance With the inclusion of Mitigation Measures HWQ-1 and HWQ-2, the proposed project impact (Impact HWQ-1) remains a significant unavoidable impact related to being in the path of inundation were a dam break to occur. Seismic Related Inundation Threshold HWQ-J Would the proposed project expose people or structures to inundation by seiche, ts,unami, or mudflow? (C:EQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(j)j The proposed project is not in an area subject to seiches, tsunami, or mudflows. There are no enclosed water bodies within the vicinity of the project site that could experience seiches. In addition, due to the distance of the project site from the ocean and the elevation of the project site,the proposed project would not be subject to the effects of a tsunami. The project site and the surrounding area are relatively flat and developed and the proposwd project would not be subject to the risk of mudflows. Therefore, a less than significant impact would be anticipated and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to seismic related inundation and no mitigation measures would be required. Construction Activities: Stormwater Run-off Threshold HWQ-K W'ould the proposed project potentially impact storm water run-off from construction activities? [GEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(k)] The proposed project includes PDF HWQ-9 that would help to prevent potential impacts during construction. The General Construction Permit (GCP) requires that the SWPPP include erosion and sediment control BMPs that would meet or exceed measures required by the GCP, as well as BMPs that control other potential construction-related pollutants. By obtaining coverage under the GCP, the proposed project will be required to develop and implement an effective combination of erosion and sediment control BMPs to mitigate and abate the erosive conditions created by the exposure of disturbed soil areas. BMPs will also be implemented to control construction waste and materials used on-site. Implementation of const�ruction BMPs will provide the necessary protection measures to prevent contaminants from being emtrained in storm water run-off,thereby achieving levels of storm water run-off quality deemed acceptable by local and State regulatory agencies. Therefore, with PDF HWQ-9 and that City of Orange-Draft E/R—May?013 Page 5.9-57 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydroiogy and Water Quality require substantial conformance with local and state regulatory requirements a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to construction activities stormwater run-off and no mitigation measures would be required. Post-Construction Activities: Stormwater Run-off Threshold HWQ-L Would the proposed project potentially impact storm water run-off from post- construction activities? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(I)] The proposed project includes PDF HWQ-10 that requires compliance with the 2011 Countywide Model WQMP including site design, LID, source control and other BMPs. Within this section, each Planning Area has identified appropriate LID features to provide water quality treatment and flow attenuation from post-construction run-of£ Through the implementation of these LID features, water quality exceedances are not anticipated, and pollutants are not expected in project run-off that would degrade water quality in the Santiago Creek (Reach 1) and Lower Santa Ana River (Reach 1). Please refer to Threshold HWQ-A and HWQ-E for details of BMPs and LID features for the proposed project. Therefare,with PDF HWQ-9 and PDF HWQ-10 that require substantial conformance with local and State regulatory requirements for construction and post-construction operations a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to post-construction activities stormwater run-off and no mitigation measures would be required. Stormwater Pollutants Discharge Threshold HWQ-M Would the proposed project result in a potential for discharge of storm water pollutants from areas of material storage, vehicle or equipment fueling, vehicle or equipment maintenance (including washing), waste handling, hazardous materials handling or storage,delivery areas, loading docks or other outdoor work areas? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(m)] The proposed project includes PDF HWQ-9 that would help to prevent potential impacts during construction. The General Construction Permit (GCP) requires that the SWPPP include non-stormwater management and material management BMPs to control potential construction-related pollutants. The proposed project will be required to control the generation of pollutants from source areas such as those mentioned above, if they exist on-site. Please refer to Threshold HWQ-A and HWQ-E for details of BMPs and LID features for the proposed project. Non-structural and structural source control BMPs prescribed in the CASQA Construction BMP Handbook and the Model WQMP, in particular, will be required at material storage areas, vehicle or equipment fueling areas, vehicle or equipment maintenance Page 5.9-58 City of Orange-Draft EIR-May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydroiogy and Water Quality (including washing) areas„ trash enclosures, hazardous materials handling or storage areas, delivery areas, loading docks and other outdoor work areas. Therefore, with PDF HWQ-9 and PDF HWQ-10 that require substantial confonmance with local and State regulatory requirements for construction and post- construction operations af the proposed project a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be reyuired. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to stormwater pollutants discharge and no mitigation measures would be required. Stormwater Discharge Threshold HWQ-N Would the proposed project result in the potential for discharge of storm water to affect the beneficial uses of the receiving waters? [GEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(n)] Storm water run-off disc;harged from the project site during construction and post-construction of proposed project will not detrimentally affect beneficial uses of downstream receiving waters, such as Santiago Creek and the Santa Ana River. The Santa Ana River, Reach 2 is listed as impaired for bacteria indicators on the 2010 303(d) list of impaired segments; however, Santiago Creek is not listed as impaired. No TMDLs have been established for receiving water bodies. The proposed project in��ludes PDF HWQ-9 that would help to prevent potential impacts during ` construction. The Gener,al Construction Permit (GCP) reyuires that the SWPPP include erosion and sediment control BMPs that would meet or exceed measures required by the GCP, as well as BMPs that control other potential coristruction-related pollutants. Additionally, the proposed project includes PDF HWQ-10 that requires compliance with the 2011 Countywide Model WQMP which requires the incorporation of site desi�m, LID, source control and other BMPs. With the incorporation of the LID features proposed for each of the Planning Areas, water quality exceedances are not anticipated, and pollutants are not expected in project run-off that would degrade water quality in the Santiago Creek (Reach 1)and Lower Santa Ana River(Reach 1 &2). The storm water run-off fi�om the proposed project is not anticipated to cause or contribute to any water quality exceedances withiri downstream receiving waters. The development of a site-specific SWPPP and WQMP, through State and local regulatory requirements, will ensure that construction and post- construction BMPs will be appropriately implemented to protect beneficial uses. Please refer to Threshold HWQ-A and HWQ-E for details of BMPs and LID features for the proposed project. Therefore, with PDF HWQ-9 and PDF HWQ-10 that require substantial conformance with local and State regulatory requirements far construction and post-construction operations of the proposed project, a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.9-59 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to stormwater discharge and no mitigation measures would be required. Velocity or Volume Stormwater Run-off Threshold HWQ-O Would the proposed project create the potential for significant changes in the flow velocity or volume of storm water run-off to cause environmental harm? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(0)] The proposed project will not significantly increase the peak flow rate or volume of storm water run-off to result in environmental harm. Project design features (PDF's HWQ-1 through HWQ-8) have been provided to address velocity or volume of stormwater run-off. Specifically, as discussed in Threshold HWQ-D, Drainage Pattern: Flooding and Technical Appendix Source: Appendix K, Water Quality Technical Report. Section 6, Hydrologic Conditions of Concern (HCOCs) the project will incorporate on-site LID features to provide retention and infiltration for increased run-off from the development areas. In addition, detention basins will be utilized to control the rate of discharge of the excess run-off volume associated with the 2-year hydrology analysis due to the increase of impervious surfaces as compared to existing conditions. The rate of flows discharged from the site will also be managed from the detention facility in a manner that matches existing flow conditions. Therefore, excess peak flow velocity and volumes associated with the 2-year storm for the proposed project would be controlled and discharged in a manner designed to protect Santiago Creek from scour and erosion above the existing conditions and a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to velocity or volume stormwater run-off and no mitigation measures would be required. Erosion Threshold HWQ-P Would the proposed project create the potential for significant changes in the flow velocity or volume of storm water run-off to cause environmental harm? [CEQA Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold 9(p)] Construction During construction of the proposed project, approximately 68 acres of the 110-acre property will be disturbed, thereby creating erosive conditions on-site that may affect water quality. The proposed project includes PDF HWQ-9 that would help to prevent potential impacts during construction; the General Construction Permit (GCP) requires that the SWPPP include erosion and sediment control BMPs that would meet or exceed measures required by the GCP, as well as BMPs that control other potential construction-related pollutants. Minimum sediment basin sizing has been identified to control run-off from the maximum expected disturbance area noted above. Please refer to Threshold HWQ-A and HWQ- Page 5.9-60 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality E for details of BMPs and LID features for the proposed project. Therefore,with PDF HWQ-9 a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Post-Construction Under post-development conditions, there will not be significant increases in erosion of the project site that would affect water quality. A hydrology study was prepared far the proposed project to analyze any potential impacts on Santiago Creek in terms of erosion and/or sedimentation. PDF HWQ-10 provides that for those areas with e1•osion potential, such as open space/landscaped areas, erosion will be controlled through the implementation of site design, source control, and treatment control BMPs, as specified in the project-specific WQMP. "Cherefore,with the PDFs mentioned above, a less than significant impact would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to erosion and no mitigation measures would be required. City of Orange-Draft E/R—May�?013 Page 5.9-61 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.9 Hydrology and Water Quality 5.9.6 Evaluation Summary Table 5.9-I S Evaluation Summary Table — Hydrology and Water Qualiry, summarizes potentially significant project impacts from this Draft EIR. Table 5.9-15: Evaluation Summary Table—Hydrology and Water Quality Threshold Potential Impact Mitigation Level of Significance Measure Water Quality Standards/Discharge Less than significant None required Less than significant Requirements Groundwater Supplies/Recharge Less than significant None required Less than significant Drainage Pattern: Erosion or Siltation Less than significant None required Less than significant Drainage Pattern: Flooding Less than significant None required Less than significant Drainage System Capacity/Polluted Less than significant None required Less than significant Run-off Degrade Water Quality Less than significant None required Less than significant Housing Placement: Flood Hazard Area Less than significant None required Less than significant Structure: Impede or Redirect Flood Less than significant None required Less than significant Flow Flooding Impact HWQ-1 MM HWQ-1 Significant unavoidable MM HWQ-2 Seismic Related Inundation Less than significant None required Less than significant � Construction Activities: Stormwater Less than significant None required Less than significant Run-off Post-Construction Activities: Less than significant None required Less than significant Stormwater Run-off Stormwater Pollutants Discharge Less than significant None required Less than significant Stormwater Discharge Less than significant None required Less than significant Velocity or Volume Less than significant None required Less than significant Stormwater Run-off Erosion Less than significant None required Less than significant Page 5.9-62 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.10 Land Use and Planning 5.10.1 Introduction Purpose This section of the Draft EIR addresses the potential impacts to land use and planning, which may result from the construction and operation of the proposed project. This section also identifies mitigation measures to reduce any potentially significant land use and planning impacts and describes the residual impact, if any, after imposition of the mitigation. Sources The following sources were used in consideration and discussion of the potential environmental impacts: • City of Orange Municipal Code. • Draft Rio Santiago Specific Plan, City of Orange, prepared by KTGY, May 2013. • General Plan, City of Orange, March 2010. • Master Plan of Recreational Trails, City of Orange,April 27, 1993. • Orange Park Acres Plan, City of Orange,December 23, 1973. • Tree Survey Report Rio Santiago, Ciry of Orange, prepared by PCR Services Corporation, January 2013, as provided in Technical Appendix E, Tree Inventory Report to this Draft EIR. • 1975 East Orange (EO) General Plan, City of Orange,August 1975. • Comments received during the public review period and at the scoping meetings. These comments are contained in Appendix A,Public Participation Process. 5.10.2 Existing Environmental Setting Topography The project site is relatively flat with an overall change in elevation from 380 to 410 feet above mean sea level AMSL. Elevation on the project site averages 400 feet above mean sea level (AMSL). Vegetation The project site is subject to a number of previous and on-going disturbances. A total of 10 vegetation communities/habitat types occur within the project site which is discussed in Section 5.4, Biological Resources. The project site contains a number of different tree species that occur both in isolation and in a number of stands. A total of 257 trees are located within the project site. The area of the tree survey included portions of Planning Area A adjacent to proposed drainage outlets; Planning Areas B, C, and D; and, off-site areas adjacent to Planning Area D. Of these, 225 trees are located in on-site and 32 are located off-site areas that would be impacted by the proposed project. Tree resources within the project site and immediate vicinity are associated with riparian, woodland, and ornamental vegetation communities that commonly contain tree species, are also discussed in Section 5.4,Biological Resources. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.10-1 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.10 Land Use and Planning Drainage A single topographic drai:nage feature, Santiago Creek, is associated with the project site. Santiago Creek enters the site at the eastE,rn boundary, flows west, and exits the western boundary at Cannon Street; and, is tributary to the Santa��na River. The drainage feature splits near the central portion of the project site, with an upland area separating Santiago Creek into two rivulets. The average width of the drainage feature is approximately 55 feet, which includes the area between the ordinary high water mark and the adjacent defined wetland areas. Wetland areas are generally located on either side of the active channel. Public Improvements The Handy Creek storm drain (culvert), operated by the Orange County Flood Control District (Facility No. E08S06) is located in the central portion of the project site. Storm water collected in areas south of East Santiago Canyon Road is conveyed through this facility into Santiago Creek. An unnamed storm drain located in the nortlhwestern portion of the project site conveys storm water collected in Mabury Ranch directly into Santiago Creek. The Allen McCulloch Pi��eline (a.k.a., Diemer Transmission)trunk water distribution line operated by the Metropolitan Water District traverses the easterly portion of the project site and is located entirely below grade. There are historic ground water and methane monitoring wells associated with the closed adjoining Villa Park Landfill located on the western portion of the project site. These wells are depicted on Figure 3-4, Tentative Tract Map. These wells are not presently in use. Public and Private Acc�ess There is no public access to the project site. The project site is fenced with a chain link fence on all sides with the exception of a portion of the northeastern boundary associated with Santiago Regional Park and Santiago Creek. The chain link fence is located approximately 100 feet to the east of the project site boundary in Santiago Regional Park. This fence secures the project site from the Santiago Regional Park. Private controlled access to the project site occurs from East Santiago Canyon Road from two entrances and one exit that are gated and monitored for the ongoing materials recycling and backfilling operations. Materials Recycling Approximately five acres in the southeastern portion of the project site are used as a materials recycling area. This area includes apparatus for the crushing of boulders, bricks, rocks, etc. for recycling. The materials recycling area additionally includes operations that provide for the cement treatment of base materials. Material for this operation originates primarily from off-site sources. Access to the materials recycling area is from a controlled entrance along East Santiago Canyon Road. Materials generated by this operation have historically been used on and transported off the project site. The materials generated by this operation at issuar�ce of the NOP were being taken off-site. Materials recycling will continue on the project site through the construction of the proposed project until Planning Area D is developed. Page 5.10-2 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.10 Land Use and Planning Backfilling Operation To restore previously mined portions of the site, a portion of the project site (south of Santiago Creek) is presently being backfilled as a permitted land use. The existing backfill operation is not a permanent use. The project site is presently being backfilled in sequentially defined phases. The project site is being over excavated (i.e., removal of unsuitable materials) and filled in the present backfill operation. The applicant has indicated that additional grading permit(s)will be requested from the City to complete backfilling of all previously mined portions of the project site. As previously noted, the project site was used from 1919 to 1995 for surface mining of sand, gravel, and other aggregates. Previously mined portions of the project site were used for residue silt deposition, otherwise known as silt ponds. The backfilling operation addresses both mined and silt pond areas. In March 2011, the City issued Grading Permit#2047 related to the backfill operation. Table 17.32.020, Sand and Gravel District Use Regulations, of the Orange Municipal Code states that backfilling is a permitted use (P) in the S-G (Sand and Gravel) District. Additionally, in accordance with Section 3.1, Grading Permit Exceptions, of the City Grading Manual backfilling is a permitted use. Grading is a ministerial (non-discretionary) action as defined by the CEQA Guidelines and the City of Orange Local CEQA Guidelines (page 5 — 6). Approximately 57 acres of the project site are included in the backfilling operation. Per Public Resources Code Section 21080(b)(1), CEQA does not apply to ministerial actions, therefore, no CEQA environmental review was conducted far the permitted and existing ministerial approved grading. The backfill operation will restore those portions of the project site within the limits of activity to the elevations approved by Grading Permit #2047. Approved Grading Permit #2047 provides that 2,000 cubic yards of material will be cut in addition to the over excavation. A total of 223,000 cubic yards of material will be imported to the site. The imported materials include concrete, asphalt, rock, and soil. The imported materials will be crushed on-site. A total of 225,000 cubic yards of material, both cut and fill,will be blended during this approved backfilling operation. Approximately 2,248,200 cubic yards of material will be over excavated per Tentative Tract Map No. 17344. Once removed, the material will be spread and dried on the project site. The material will then be mixed with imported materials. A total of 1,100,000 cubic yards of material will be imported to the site. Please refer to Section 5.16, Transportation and Traffic for detail information related to truck trips. The imported materials will be based on recommendations of the soils engineer and include concrete, asphalt, rock, and soil. The imported materials will be crushed on-site by either the existing materials recycling facility ar additional operations. A total of 3,348,200 cubic yards of material will be blended during the project site grading (including backfilling operation and mass grading). This includes materials both over excavated and imported to the project site. This approved, on-going backfill operation currently is separate and distinct from the proposed project. However, most of this grading would have to occur to construct the proposed project. Therefore, as a practical result, from the date of project approval the backfilling and grading will become project site preparation activities and, as such,are analyzed as part of the construction phase of the project. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.10-3 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.10 Land Use and Planning Adjacent Land Use The project site is bounde,d to the south, across East Santiago Canyon Road,by residential development, a flower, fruit, and vegetable stand with associated off-street parking, the Mara Bradman Arena site, and Salem Lutheran School. To the west, the project site is bounded by the closed County of Orange Villa Park Landfill site and across Cannon Street along the northwest property line by residential development. Mabury residential development bounds the project site to the north. The project site is bounded to the east by residential development and County of Orange owned property to the northeast. Approximately 2.01 acres of grading activity will occur off-site in the County of Orange owned property. 5.10.3 Regulatory Set:ting Federal There are no specific Federal regulations associated with the land use and planning topical environmental issue area. Please refer ta State regulatory setting below for a discussion on regional transportation plans. State Regiona/Transportation P/an The Regional Transportation Plan(RTP) serves as both the Federal and State required regional long-range transportation plan for th�e Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) region through the year 2015 and is the guide for developing the Regional Transportation Improvement Program (RTIP). The RTIP links the goal of sustaining mobility with the goals of fostering economic development, enhancing the enviromment, reducing energy consumption, promoting transportation friendly development patterns, and encouraging fair and equitable access to residents affected by socio-economic geographic, and commercial limitations. Regiona/South Coast Air Qua/ity Management District Air Qua/ity Management P/an The proposed project is l.ocated within the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB) and is therefare within the jurisdiction of the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). In conjunction with Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), the SCAQMD is responsible far formulating and implementing air pc�llution control strategies. The Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) was adopted in 1997 by SCAQMD and SCAG to assist in fulfilling these responsibilities. The AQMP is intended to establish a comprehensive air pollution control program leading to the attainment of State and Federal air quality standards in the SCAB and in portions of the Southeast Desert Air Basin that are within the SCAQMD's jui•isdiction, thereby addressing the requirements set forth in the State and Federal Clean Air Acts. Refer to Section 5.3, Air Qualiry for a discussion of the AQMP. In this capacity, the SCAQMD is a responsible,agency under the State CEQA Guidelines. Southe�n Ca/ifornia Ass�ciation of Gove�nments Regiona/Comprehensive P/an The proposed project site is located within the SCAG planning area. SCAG is a Federal designated Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) with numerous roles and responsibilities relative to regional issues that cross jurisdictional boundaries. SCAG also functions as the Areawide Clearinghouse for projects that are of Statewide, regional, or areawide significance per Section 15206 of the State CEQA Page 5.10-4 City of Orange-Draft E/R—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.70 Land Use and Planning Guidelines. In this capacity, SCAG functions as a responding agency. Included in SCAG's responsibilities is preparation of the Regional Comprehensive Plan (RCP) in conjunction with its constituent members and other regional planning agencies. The RCP provides a general view of the plans of the various regional agencies that affect local governments and responds to the significant issues facing Southern California, including growth management. The RCP is intended to serve as a framework for decision-making with respect to the growth and changes that can be anticipated by the year 2015 and beyond. In addition, the RCP proposes a strategy for voluntary use by local governments, which will assist them in addressing issues related to future growth and in assessing the potential impacts of proposed development projects within the context of the region. Fourteen sub-regions, including Orange County, have been recognized as partners in the preparation of the RCP and have submitted input to ensure that the RCP reflects local concerns,which form the basis for the region's planning process. The RCP includes five core chapters (Growth Management, Regional Mobility, Air Quality, Water Quality, and Hazardous Waste Management) which respond directly to the Federal and State requirements placed on SCAG and form the basis for certification of local plans. Ancillary chapters within the RCP (Economy, Housing,Human Resources, and Services, Management)reflect other regional plans, but do not contain actions or policies required of local governments. The purpose of the Growth Management Chapter is to present farecasts which establish the socio-economic parameters for the development of the Regional Mobility and Air Quality Chapters of the RCP and to address issues related to growth and land consumption by encouraging local land use actions which would ultimately lead to the development of an urban form that would help minimize development costs, save natural resources, and enhance the quality of life in the region. Natura/Communities Conservation P/an(NCCPJ and Habitat Conservation P/an•County of Orange Centra/and Coasta/Sub Region The Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) program was authorized by the California Natural Community Conservation Planning Act of 1991 [Assembly Bi112172 (AB 2172)] and set forth in Section 2800 et seq. of the California Fish and Game Code. The purpose of the NCCP program is to have a broad-based approach to ecosystem conservation for the protection and perpetuation of biological diversity. The NCCP program aims to provide regional or area wide protection of plants, animals and their habitat while continuing to accommodate compatible land uses. This broad-based approach differs from the objective of the California and Federal Endangered Species Act, which focuses on the preservation of individual species that have already significantly declined in numbers. The NCCP program establishes an area-wide reserve area for protection of multiple species. In this capacity, the California Department of Fish and Game is a responsible agency under the State CEQA Guidelines. The proposed project site is within the Natural Community Conservation Plan and Habitat Conservation Plan (NCCP/HCP) - County of Orange Central & Coastal subregion, which protects natural communities and species while providing certainty to the public and affected landowner with respect to the location of future development and open space in the subregion. The NCCP/HCP particularly targets Coastal Sage Scrub habitat (CSS), CSS-obligate species, and other covered habitats and species, and mitigates anticipated impacts to the habitats and species on a programmatic, sub-regional level. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.10-5 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.70 Land Use and Planning Local City Genera/P/an The City adopted its General Plan in March 2010. The City General Plan includes the following Elements: Land Use, Ci�rculation & Mobility, Growth Management, Natural Resources, Public Safety, Noise, Cultural Resources & Historic Preservation, Infrastructure, Urban Design, Economic Development, and Housing. The City General Plan provides goals, policies, and programs intended to guide future land use arid development decisions within the City. All goals and policies within the General Plan are listed be�low in Table 5.10-2,Project Consistency with City of Orange General Plan. City P/an for Rec�eatior,ra/Trai/s and Bikeways Within the City General Plan Circulation Element is a Figure CM-3, Plan for Recreational Trails and Bikeways. This Plan identifies a network of existing and proposed trails segments Citywide and addresses implementation standards and policies. The overall purpose of this Plan is to provide a long-range plan to guide the City in enhancing the recreational opportunities for the community. City Master P/an for Recreationa/Trai/s Within the City General lPlan Open Space Element there is a Master Plan of Recreational Trails that was adopted in 1993. The P�an identifies a network of existing and proposed trail segments citywide and addresses implementatiori standards and policies. The overall purpose of the Plan is to provide a long- range plan to guide the C'ity in enhancing the recreational opporiunities for the community. All policies within the Recreational Trails Master Plan are listed below in Table 5.10-3, Project Consistency with the � City Master Plan for Trails. 1975 East O�ange(EO)i3enera/P/an Portions of the project si1:e are located within the 1975 East Orange (EO) General Plan. Approximately 40.3 acres of the project site are located within the boundaries of the 1975 East Orange (EO) General Plan. There are approximately 1,900 total acres in the EO General Plan. The project site is approximately two-percent of the overall EO General Plan acreage. The existing EO General Plan designates the project site as "Regional Park."Figure 5.10-1,Project Site within EO General Plan, shows what part of the proposed proj ect is within the EO General Plan. O�ange Pa�k Ac�es P/an The Orange Park Acres Plan (OPA Plan) was adopted on December 26, 1973. Approximately 56.45 acres of the project site are presently located within the boundaries of the existing OPA Plan. There are approximately 1,794 total acres in the OPA Plan. The project site is approximately three-percent of the overall OPA Plan acreage. The OPA Plan designates this area as "Santiago Greenbelt Plan." Figure 5.10- 2,Project Site within OPft Plan, shows what part of the proposed project is within the OPA Plan. 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The City Municipal Code Title 17 (Zoning) presently designates approximately 95 acres of the project site as S-G (Sand and Gravel) and approximately 15 acres of the project site R-1-8 (Single-family Residential—8,000 square foot lots). City of Orange Affordab/e Housing P/an Title 17.14.015 of the Orange Municipal Code states that the City has adopted a policy that established a target goal of allocating 20 percent of the annual production of new residential housing as affordable to very low, low, and moderate income households. Developers of projects with 11 or more dwelling units are required to participate in discussions with City staff to evaluate the feasibility of providing affordable units. Such discussions are encouraged to occur early in the development review process,notably prior to the filing of applications. The project applicant met with staff from the City Economic Development Department on July 14, 2009, to review the project description and the potential to provide affordable housing. The project site is not located within an established City redevelopment area and therefore the City's density bonus is not applicable to the project site. As a result, the applicant is not required to incorporate affordable housing in the proposed project. The City revised and adopted its Housing Element in February 2010. California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) determined that the City Housing Element complied with State law in July 2010; and, accardingly,had identified sufficient sites within the City to meet its housing needs. City's Tree Preservation O�dinance The Tree Preservation Ordinance of the Orange Municipal Code protects all trees, regardless of species, that measure a minimum of 10.5 inches in circumference, as measured at a point 24 inches above the ground. The primary purpose of the subject provisions is to regulate the removal and destruction of trees from undeveloped and public interest property. 5.10.4 Significance Thresholds The following thresholds of significance have been established for the evaluation of the proposed project's potential land use and planning impacts consistent with Appendix G of the State CEQA Guidelines: Threshold LUP-A Would the project physically divide an established community? Threshold LUP-B Would the project conflict with any applicable land use plan, policy, or regulation of an agency with jurisdiction over the project (including, but not limited to the general plan, specific plan, local coastal program, or zoning ardinance) adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect? Threshold LUP-C Would the project conflict with any applicable habitat conservation plan or natural community conservation plan? City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.10-9 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.10 Land Use and Planning 5.10.5 Evaluation of Potential Project Impacts This section will evalua��e whether the proposed project would potentially have a substantial adverse effect on recreation. Thiis evaluation assumes that the project will be implemented consistent with the Project Description, including all Project Design Features (PDF's). Project Design Feature�s All Project Design Features(PDF's) associated with land use and planning are noted below in Table 5.10- 1,Project Design Features c&Land Use and Planning Impact Comparison. The table identifies the PDF's related to each CEQA tllreshold. The checkmark indicates that the PDF reduces, eliminates, and/or avoids impacts associated with the related threshold. Refer to the threshold analysis for specific details. The remainder of this page left intentionally blank. 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O � � � i� F-' L: rn U v� cC 'd s-� F"" fn Q .:; U .f. 0 'b t„ � Gl.F-' 1-, F"' [� a.+ CS. U � O a+ U � a �.� :b m O OO _ �. �a ri, a a a a a, p x � � � � i.'�. ►'� r�. D � �--� Y i'`° a �7 �7 �l ra �l Pa �; � � fJ, f�, F� f� f� (J, L� � �� p�.� 0.Ai a PAr PA. A0. PAi c� U� 5.10 Land Use and Planning Divide an Established Community Threshold LUP-A VVould the project physically divide an established community? [iCEQA Land Use and Planning Threshold 10(a)] The project site is located within a developed setting and is adjacent to established residential communities. Santiago Oaks Regional Park is located to the northeast of the project site. The proposed project replaces the existing materials recycling operation (i.e. asphalt and concrete crushing) and backfilling operations lan�d uses with natural and restored open space, open space recreational uses, age- qualified residential, and low density single-family residential uses. The existing use of the project site is inconsistent with the surrounding residential and open space land use. PDF LUP-1 through PDF LUP-3 defines the proposed proj��ct's connectivity to the surrounding community. The proposed project does not propose to establish or relocate any roadways, which would have the potential to divide an esta.blished community. The proposed project would modify East Santiago Canyon Road,by providing the ad�dition of road right-of-way adjacent to the project site. The proposed project provides for open space along both sides of Santiago Creek area. This open space provides a connection for the community to Santiago Oaks Regional Parks. Presently the project site is fenced-off from public access. The proposed project and the existing community would be able to access Santiago Oaks Regional Parks through the trail system provided by the proposed project. The following recreational trails and/or possible connections are proposed within the project site and are shown in Section 5.15,Recreation,Figure 5.15-2,Existing and Proposed Trails: • The proposed project would maintain the Bikeway within East Santiago Canyon Road. • The proposed project will provide a public multi-use trail adjacent to Santiago Creek that would allow far linkage to Cannon Street and planned regional trail connectors to the west. • A public recreation trail currently exists along the north side of East Santiago Canyon Road adjacent to the e:xisting Reserve neighborhood. The proposed project provides a connection to this trail and extends it along the project's entire East Santiago Canyon Road frontage. • At the southwest corner of the project site, a further public trail extension westward by the adjacent property owner(County of Orange)would be possible. • The proposed project provides a public recreational multi-use trail extending into the project site alongside the pr�oposed main entry roadway, providing a connection between East Santiago Canyon Road anci the proposed multi-use trail along the south bank of Santiago Creek. � PDF-TRA 17, which requires a signal at the main entrance to the project, provides connectivity from surrounding; residential communities and adjacent Mara Bradman Equestrian Arena to the project trail syste�m. Page 5.10-12 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.10 Land Use and Planning • A public multi-use trail is proposed along the southern boundary of Planning Area A along the entire south bank of Santiago Creek. • At the far western edge of the project site, the multi-use trail would allow far future linkage to Cannon Street by the adjacent property owner and planned regional trail connectors to the west. The proposed project has been designed to be consistent with the surrounding community by preserving the area's rustic environment and lifestyle as required in PDF LUP-2. The proposed project Specific Plan establishes architectural requirements consistent with historical styles and character of the City and surrounding neighborhoods. The proposed project provides single-family residential units adjacent to the established residential communities. The proposed project provides age-qualified housing adjacent to the project site's single-family uses. Within the proposed project age-qualified area, there will be villas that act as a transition from the single-family to the age-qualified units. The proposed project Specific Plan establishes design requirements to ensure that the proposed projects scale and massing is consistent with surrounding neighborhoods. Three examples of design requirements in the Specific Plan related to massing and scale include: • Design and site buildings in a manner that respects the project's setting through the use of appropriate scale and massing of building elements, ample setbacks, and articulation of building facades by means of offsets, overhands, balconies, style appropriate detailing and other architectural enhancements. • The plotting of residences shall be designed in a manner that achieves visual diversity and interest in the street scene. Such diversity shall be achieved through varying building setbacks, articulated building massing, or enhanced elevations on residences plotted on corner lots. • Age-qualified building corners and ends shall step down in scale at highly visible key locations, softening the building edges and enhancing the street scene and providing articulated edges. One and two story height limit within 50' of the exterior Planning Area or project boundary. (Rio Sarrtiago Specific Plan) The proposed project provides a multi-purpose building space for use as a community recreational center for all ages, benefitting the surrounding and all City residents. The recreational facilities, including the building and fields, will be privately owned; but will however be open to the public as a pay to use facility. There would be a charge to the public to use the facilities (i.e., the present YMCA of Orange annual fee as for February 2012 is $45). Please refer to Section 5.1,Aesthetics for a description of the visual resources on the project site and the analysis of potential aesthetic impacts that may result from implementation of the proposed project related to visual resources. This section further provides a discussion of the recreational uses and community service buildings on the project site. The proposed open space and recreational use on the project site, as noted above, provide an opportunity to join portions of the existing community that are presently divided by fenced private lands used primarily for resource production purposes. The Specific Plan indicates that City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.10-13 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.10 Land Use and Planning the landscape plan has been developed to provide seamless edges between residential and open space uses throughout the community as implemented in PDF LUP-3. The combination of proposed project uses based on the analysis provided above indicates that the proposed project will join rather that separate the existing surrounding cornmunity. Implementation of the proposed project does not have the potential to divide an established cor�ununity. Therefore, less than significant impacts would occur and no mitigation measures would be required. Level of Significance The proposed project would not divide an established community and no mitigation measures would be required. Conflict with Applicable Plans, Policies, or Regulations Threshold LUP-B Would the project conflict with any applicable land use plan, policy,or regulation of an agency with jurisdiction over the project(including, but not limited to the general p�lan, specific plan, local coastal program, or zoning ordinance) adopted for the p�urpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect?? [i;.EQA Land Use and Planning Threshold 10(b)] General Plan Although the proposed pr�oject is inconsistent with the existing City General Plan land use designation for the project site, it would lbe in substantial compliance with the Land Use Element Goals and Polices after the proposed General Plan Amendment. The amendment would change the Land Use Element Map to designate the proposed project site as Open Space (OS), Open Space—Park(OS—P), and Medium Density Residential (MDR) as irriplemented in PDF LUP-4. Table 5.10-2, Project Consistency with the City of Orange General Plan, provides a comparison of the proposed project with each goal and policy of the General Plan. Based on Table 5.10-2, Project Consistency with the City of Orange General Plan, and PDF LUP-4, the proposed project is consistent with the City's General Plan applicable policies and goals. Therefare, the proposed project would have a less than significant impact related to conflicting with General Plan policies and goals,and no mitigation measures would be required. Genera/P/an Text and Graphics Amendments The proposed project would require an amendment to the City General Plan to: 1. Change the City's General Plan Designation for the project site. 2. Change City's General Plan to remove portions of the project site from 1975 East Orange (EO) General Plan and Orange Park Acres(OPA)Plan. 3. Change the Gene:ral Plan text for the Open Space-Park designation. Page 5.10-14 City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 SCH No. 2009051072 Rio Santiago Project 5.10 Land Use and Planning City's 2010 General Plan The proposed project would modify the 2010 City General Plan text and graphics. The modifications would include changing the site from Resource Area (RA) to Low Density Residential (LDR 2.1-6 Du/Ac), Medium Density Residential (MDR 15-24 Du/Ac), Open Space Park (OS-P) and Open Space (OS); and, from Low Density Residential (LDR 2.1-6 Du/Ac) to Open Space (OS). The proposed amendment is depicted in Figure 3-7, Existing and Proposed General Plan Designations. With the inclusion of the changes noted above and implementation of PDF LUP-4, the proposed project would be consistent with the General Plan. Therefore, the proposed project would have a less than significant impact and no mitigation measures would be required. Open Space -Park The proposed project would modify the Open Space — Park (OS-P) General Plan designation as noted below. The City General Plan Open Space—Park designation is described as: Public lands used for passive and active recreation. Includes all parklands owned and maintained by the City of Orange, as well as parks operated by the County." (City of Orange General Plan,Table LU-1). Land uses within this designation are described as follows: The Open Space Park designation refers to public and/or nrivate lands used for passive and active recreation. This includes all parklands owned and maintained by the City of Orange, a� �e parks operated by the County non-nrofit organizations and private landowners (Proposed Amendment to Ciry of Orange General Plan, Page LU-22). There are proposed changes to the General Plan text for Open Space Park and are noted above in ��ri'r��� and underline. The proposed text changes allow for private recreation, such as a YMCA or other private pay far use facilities to be permitted on Open Space Park General Plan designation. With the inclusion of the text amendment to the OS-P, the proposed project would be consistent with the General Plan designation. Therefore, the proposed project would have a less than significant impact and no mitigation measures would be required. 1975 East Oran�EO) General Plan and Oran�e Park Acres(OPA) Plan Portions of the project site are also within the 1975 East Orange (EO) General Plan area. This includes portions of Planning Areas A, B, and C. The existing EO General Plan designates these areas as "Regional Park." The applicant is requesting an amendment to the map and text of the EO General Plan to remove the project site from the EO General Plan boundaries. Approximately 40.3 acres would be removed from the EO General Plan's approximate 1,900 total acres. This is approximately two percent of the overall EO General Plan area. Figure 3-8, East Orange General Plan shows the area to be removed from on the EO General Plan land use map. City of Orange-Draft EIR—May 2013 Page 5.10-15 Rio Santiago Project SCH No. 2009051072 5.10 Land Use and Planning Portions of the proposed project site are currently within the Orange Park Acres (OPA) Plan area. This includes portions of proposed project Planning Areas A, C and D. The existing OPA Plan designates these areas as "Santiago Greenbelt Plan." The applicant is requesting an amendment to the map and text of the OPA Plan to remo�ve the project site from the OPA Plan boundaries. Approximately 56.45 acres would be removed from the OPA Plan's approximate 1,794 total acres. This is approximately three percent of the overall OPA Plan area. Figure 3-9, Orange Park Acres Plan shows the area to be removed from on the OPA Plan lar�d use map. Figure 5.10-1, Project Sa'te within EO General Plan and Figure 5.10-2, Project Site within OPA Plan, shows the project site and the areas within each plan. These changes would be continued throughout each document's graphics. Te�xt changes to these documents would include any reference to the project site and changes to statistics based on the removal of the project site. These changes are outlined above and provided in detail in Appe;ndix P,East Orange General Plan and Orange Park Acres Plan Amendments. With the removal of the proposed project area from the OPA Plan and the EO General Plan, all land use allocations, improvements, development standards, lines for the proposed project would be under one specific plan (the Rio Sax►tiago Specific Plan) as implemented in PDF LUP-4. With the implementation of PDF LUP-4, the proposed project would amend the City's General Plan by removing the project site from the East Orange (EO) General Plan and the Orange Park Acres Plan. The proposed project would establish new designations for the project site on the City's General Plan. These changes eliminate potential conflicts with a�ny applicable land use plan, policy, or regulation. 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